Foreign and Traditional Music Fused Together Essay

The United States is certainly one of the most diverse countries in the world from a cultural perspective. Capable of speaking 300 languages, the Native Americans were the early settlers of the American land. Hundred years after that, the Europeans, Africans, Asians and other ethnic race from across the globe arrived and settled in America. These migrations have contributed greatly to the patchwork of modern day American Society. Carrying not only their belonging and property, various cultures from around the world merge with one another through friendships and inter marriages of races. Through these racial interactions, various cultures took different shape and evolve into what we known today. To examine and describe them all would take years to accomplish and tedious since culture co exist with time, it evolve as time goes by. This paper would then focus on two dominant races and their respective cultures, namely, Hispanic and Caucasian. Since culture is a vast term to explore, this paper would then focus on the musical culture of Hispanic and Caucasian race. It would focus on how foreign cultures have influenced the growth and development of traditional music. Hispanic and Caucasian culture have influenced each other throughout history. It is often said that both cultures were the patchwork of different cultures put together during the colonial times. Hispanic culture basically speaks or pertains to a larger community that is comprised of different subgroups, such as Mexicans Americans, Cuban Americans and other races that originated from the Latin American continent. Caucasian or American culture is also a patchwork of different cultures originating from various parts of the world. This was brought by immense immigration during 17th up to 21st century and spread, through interactions with various races. This is the basic theme that these two cultures share together and its music, architecture and literature are deeply influenced by foreign culture. The land of America became a melting pot for these two cultures, a place for previous identities to be melted down together with other cultures to create an integrated, uniform society. Their culture was not forgotten; it was just shaped through the influence of foreign culture. E: Hispanic Culture Since the 17th century, Hispanic people have been living in the United States. Some of them were forced to come as slaves and those who could afford the expenses of immigration settled in the United States driven by the opportunity presented by the new found land. Though years have passed since the colonial times, most of them still cannot forget the trademarks of their former masters. Aside from their native language, most of them could speak the Spanish language and to some extent has been incorporated in their native language as well. Another characteristic of Hispanic culture that was influenced by the Spanish regime is the mestizo lifestyle (Gallarga, 2007). The term Mestizo describe Latin American whose lifestyle combine ideas, values, practices and other cultural elements both European and indigenous (rural and urban) of origin (Latin American Culture, 2008). Aspects of the mestizo lifestyle are widely diffused in the musical culture of Latin America. Violin, guitar and other stringed instruments are of mestizo origin (Garfias, 1996). Over time, these instruments were combined to those of traditional instruments being used by the people to create new ensemble types. Rural band from villages started to include playing the guitar, vilhuela, one or two violins and a harp. This kind of ensemble was an example of the changes that were brought by mestizo lifestyle. Additionally, hemiola, a common feature in Latin America music originated or a product of mestizo lifestyle (Mintzer, 2005). A hemiola is the simultaneous or sequential juxtaposition of duple and triple and rhythmic patterns with a moderate or quick 6/8 meter. This kind of rhythmic pattern is present in different musical performances of Mexicans, singers in Chile, and other Latin American performers (Mintzer, 2005). Not only in music does this mestizo trend is present but also in dances genres such as contra dance, waltz and the polka. March based music was widely diffused so as Catholics songs and processionals. Dance drama was another feature of the mestizo musical life. Being influence by 16th century missionaries, people in the rural and also in urban areas perform dance drama to honor individuals who are connected to local history, myth, legend and religious stories (Musical Migrations, 2002). Accompanied by local ensembles and dance genres, drama like this gave new kind of entertainment and meaning to rural town festivals throughout Latin American Aside from the Spanish Language, the musical style that was heavily influenced by the mestizo trend attributed greatly to the creation or identity of a Hispanic musical culture. Though different in use and meanings, Mexicans, Cubans, Chileans and other individual of Latin Americans origins, could understand each other through these customs. Moreover, this musical trend has become a tool of understanding and unification for these groups of people in a foreign land. Caucasian or American Culture Just like the musical lifestyle of the Hispanic, the performing arts in the United States began to incorporate wider groups of people (American Root Music, 2008). For instance, the Latin American dances such as tango from Argentina and rumba from Cuba during the 1900 and 1940. The afro-Cuban mambo was the first step in incorporating jazz music with Latin elements and was later on refined by the Brazilian bossa nova singers (Jones, 1999). There are also the African American communities who greatly contributed and refined jazz music. There are also innovative Americans who incorporated both foreign music and traditional American music to create unique music style. Aaron Copland, for example, developed a unique musical style through incorporating certain jazz elements with American folk music (Five 20th century American composers: 1900-2000, 2002). Influenced heavily by traditional Greek dances, Isadora Duncan redefined the rigidity of classical ballet and promoted self expression, resulting into an expressive and free form kind of dance (Marcus, 2007). These innovations and fusions probably lead to the creation of the Broadway musical. Unlike the Hispanic musical culture, American music was not the product of colonial times but was the result of immigration of various races in the United States. They brought their culture to this place without the intention of changing or creating music genre or style but to serve as a remembrance of their family and native land. It was for this sake that foreign musical style and other foreign cultures were introduced to American people. New musical genres and styles were a mere product of racial interactions. If clearly analyzed, this new musical genre or style removed boundaries and limitations imposed by racial differences. For instance, it is a well known fact that the African American community was discriminated and received less recognition from American society since their origin implied the idea of being a slave. However, when it comes to jazz music, contributions from performers like Billie Holiday, Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong and other African American jazz-blues singers were recognized and accepted by white and black audiences alike (Titon, 1995). Whether it was a European, American or other race, their performances were cheered and enjoyed by thousands of people. Through music, people forgot their differences and simply enjoyed the beat and melody produced by the performers in front of them. Performing arts in the United States representsed the acceptance not only of these people but also their culture. F: Similarities of Hispanic and Caucasian Culture Based on the facts presented thus far, it could be said that both cultures, when it comes to their musical trend and lifestyle were heavily influenced by foreign subjects. Hispanic music reached new heights during the Spanish rule. Elements of European and Spanish music were introduced to the traditional style of Mexican, Cuban and to the rest of Latin American. It gave new meaning to entertainment and performances reached greater heights. On the other hand, the Caucasian musical culture was refined through racial interaction that was the product of immense immigration that occurred during the 17th up to 20th century. Most traditional styles of music evolved and took greater form when they were incorporated with foreign elements (Titon, 1995). Another similarity that these two culture share in the music world is that their music were usually directed or composed for religious practices. In Hispanic culture, festivals were always accompanied by performances that always involved characters and values taken from religious stories. These performances were a direct influence of Spanish missionaries trying to convert local people. On the other hand, early religious sects in Native American such as the Ephrata, Cloister, the Shakers and the Moravians have produced music that somehow grow and influence other people outside their communities. One example of this was shaker melody entitled â€Å"Tis the gift to be simple† which was used by the composer Aaron Copland in one of his plays and which instantly became famous. The Moravians, who were considered as the most prolific and sophisticated when it comes into their music eventually helped in recreating instrumental music that was used in Old world German culture. Though it was quickly forgotten when the jazz and other musical trend came in during the early 1900’s, it proves that early music developed and was influenced by religion of early times (Jones, 1999). Difference between Hispanic and Caucasian music One significant difference between Hispanic and Caucasian music lies on the foreign influence that they received. Hispanic music was the result of long Spanish rule that they experience during the colonial times. A Hispanic performance was characterized by Spanish style of music and was later on refined through incorporating traditional and foreign music. It was only the Spaniards that introduced the European style of music to these people. On the other hand Caucasian music was the result of immense interactions of various races living in America. Some musical culture was able to make it way into the American society and was adhere by the people. There are other musical cultures that were adopted by American performers and incorporate them into their works that resulted in some unique and different kind of music style. Second difference that these two have lies on the venue of their performances. Most Hispanic performer took their shows on the street and urban areas. Performances on these places are always characterized by loud music and cheery audiences. Public performances were the product of festival shows that was always played during festivities and continued in big cities. As it develop Caucasian music reach greater heights in theatre or stage plays. Most broadways musical for an instance was perform on large theatre house and places commonly located on large cities like New York. Lastly, the difference of these two culture lies on how they perform their music. Hispanic based music is well known through their colorful sound that is always accompanied by different instruments. This kind of performance started in festivals and was later on carried through streets by artist who seeks fame and fortune. Caucasian on the other hand is mostly highlighted by the use of different genre of music and dance style to create one stage performance. Broadway musical for an instance used rock and roll genre to capture the heart of young audiences who have been introduced to this kind of music genre during their early years. Use in Classroom Education Using these similarities and differences, instructors could create a surrounding in which learning could be easy and comfortable both for Hispanic and Caucasian students. First, they could create music lessons that would break down cultural differences that exist not only Hispanics and Caucasians but also to other ethnic race. Second, it is possible that social relationship could foster and grow through incorporating music in their daily life. Lastly, through music, it is possible that children could recognize and acknowledge the importance of their cultural heritage. Children nowadays tend to forget their history and culture which is unfortunate. Personal and Professional Relevance Since culture is a vast topic to be covered, it was best that this paper concentrated on each culture’s music history. The first thing that needed to be researched was the influence of foreign music to Hispanic and Caucasian traditional music. The primary tool that was used to gather the necessary data was the Internet. Up-to-date articles and journals can be found in the internet and it saved substantial time researching using this rather than going to huge places such as the library. The books that were used for this paper were accessed through an online directory for textbooks. Since the paper was set to discuss foreign influence on traditional music of Hispanics and Caucasians, the research began through a search of sources that explained the influence of foreign interventions and immigration, since it will clearly show how the traditional music of each culture was changed and developed when foreign factors exerted their impact. The article â€Å"Latino music: A View of Its Diversity and Strength† by Dr. Garfias summarized the important facts about Hispanic music and provided a detailed explanation about the influence of Spanish rule in Hispanic countries. The book â€Å"Blues People: Negro Music in White America† by Titon gave a detailed explanation about the influence of African American music and how Jazz developed in the United States of America. Since this paper was set to discuss the influence of foreign music to Hispanic and Caucasian traditional music, sources that contained useful information were saved for the purpose. To be able to review them carefully, information that may be useful were highlighted and were noted down in a sheet of paper. For organizational ease, the information were outlined just like how the task was outlined. For teaching reference, this report has set a new meaning for being a teacher. The profession of teaching does not exclusively lie on the need to produce a lesson plan that would cater to the educational needs of the students. Being a teacher also means that one must some how create an atmosphere and environment that would enable the student to enjoy learning and would support the growth of social relationships. This realization was brought by the cultural differences that exist not only between Hispanic and Caucasian students but between other races. Cultural differences somehow impede the growth of education and social relationships of students if not managed systematically. Being able to manage cultural differences is also a way of promoting effective inclusion. Positive interactions among teachers, as well as students, contribute to a sense of school and classroom community. Inclusive schools seek to encourage collaboration among teachers for the purposes of planning, teaching, and supporting students. With adequate support, collaborative teaching leads to positive outcomes for learners in heterogeneously grouped classes (Cipani, 1995). Implementing effective teaching collaborations, however, is time-consuming and complex. Teachers often express concern about changes in their roles and responsibilities; differences in teaching style and philosophical orientation; and logistical issues, such as scheduling, planning time, and resource allocation. There are a number of school-wide strategies to support collaboration, including (a) developing and adopting a set of rules, responsibilities, and privileges pertaining to collaboration, (b) providing teachers with designated time for co-planning and reflection, and (c) offering preservice and inservice training in collaboration. In all of these collaborative efforts, understanding culture is a critical backdrop that the teacher must fully comprehend (Cipani, 1995). G:References American Root Music. Retrieved on May 2, 2008 from Public Broadcasting Services: http://www. pbs. org/americanrootsmusic/pbs_arm_itc_historical_background. html. Cipani, E. (1995). Inclusive education: What do we know and what do we still have to learn? Exceptional Children, 61, 498 – 500. Galarraga, J. (2007). Hispanic-American Culture and health. Retrieved May 2, 2008 on http://www. case. edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Hispanic_Healthcare. pdf Garfias, Dr. R. (1996). Latino music: A View of Its Diversity and Strength. Retrieved May 3, 2008 on http://www. pps. k12. or. us/depts-c/mc-me/be-hi-mu. pdf. Five 20th century American composers: 1900-2000. Retrieved may 3, 2008 from Boisestates: http://music. boisestate. edu/mus100/american_music. htm Jones, L. (1999). Blues People: Negro Music in White America Latin American Culture. Retrieved May 2, 2008 from Ipedia: http://www. ipedia. net/information/Latin+American+culture. Marcus, K. (2007). Music and American Culture. Retrieved May 2, 2008 on http://www. blackwell-compass. com/media? id=pdfs_HICO_Sample_Article . Mintzer, R. (2005). Latino Americans in Sports, Film, Music, and Government: Trailblazers (Hispanic Heritage) Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in Latin America, Volume I. (2002) . Titon, J. T. (1995). Early Downhome Blues: A Musical and Cultural Analysis (Cultural Studies of the United States)

The Effect of the Invention of Basketball on American Society

For those who do not consider themselves basketball fans, the sport’s significance may seem irrelevant or of very little. While these people may not think to thank Dr. James Naismith for his invention of the game, we should all thank him for the major contributions he made and paths he paved for this country. Although basketball may be seen as just a sport played for fun and enjoyment, its invention’s impact on Americans was huge, positive, and everlasting. The inventor himself had a very strange and rough road to get to that infamous winter night that the game was created.James Naismith wasn’t born in your ideal view of a basketball setting, but in Canada. Both his mother and father passed away of typhoid fever before he had turned nine years old. James then moved in with his uncle in Springfield, Massachusetts, terribly overwhelmed and distressed. He dropped out of school at the age of fifteen because he saw â€Å"no need in learning more than he already knewà ¢â‚¬  (Hill 9). If Naismith would have actually gone along with this way of thinking, the journey to the invention of basketball could have ended right then and there.In fact, the only reason Naismith ever went to college was that his uncle wanted him to become a minister. He went on to attend Presbyterian College, where the invention was a great case of serendipity. While he was there, there were no sports being played between football and baseball season due to the cold weather. He noticed athletes were bored and as he would later write, he was â€Å"just trying to find a solution to a problem† (Hill 7). This indoor game played with peach baskets soon exploded in popularity and the rest was history.In the mid-1800s a majority, if not all, of American culture was adopted from another country. Baseball was being played, which was derived from the English game of cricket. The sport of lacrosse was learned from the Native Americans. We even cooked like Europeans and dressed li ke them. We, of course, had broken off politically, but we struggled to find difference materialistically. Basketball, however, fostered both pride and identity (Gems). The game was American-made and everyone wanted a part in it. A communal interest was taken and people were proud to call it theirs.The game taught, and still teaches, a great lesson in diversity. Lots of people grew to know the meaning of the word through their experiences with the sport. The term was significant in studying and analyzing other teams’ and players’ basketball approaches, such as the types of plays they ran or just how good they were. More importantly, however, diversity among people was discovered. The sport broadened stereotypes and views of other races. It allowed players to realize that there are no real differences. In the late 1890s, basketball’s very early days, ethnically diverse advocates of the game were very prevalent.Groups like the German Turners, Czech Sokols, and Pol ish Falcons loved the sport and â€Å"acquiesced to the interests of second-generation youths such as basketball† (Gems). Integration saw a huge advancement due to basketball. Teams all across the country were being formed and they would play against each other. Teams in this time were not allowed to be mixed. It was either a white team or an African American team. After a few years, â€Å"in the North, the African American teams proved to be the best† (Gems). This allowed the blacks to feel like, for the first time, they were not completely and utterly below the whites.African Americans found hope and determination through the sport in a time where society was so cruel to them. These players also gave the game something that would change basketball forever. They added a â€Å"style of play that†¦emphasized speed, agility, superior jumping ability and creative ball handling which today are hallmarks of the game that millions of Americans love† (Logan). Due to their capabilities and the racial diversity the sport of basketball quickly saw, African Americans were widely respected and accepted in professional leagues in the North soon after its creation.Also, children learned a lot about racial equality through playing ball in their communities. Although kids in the neighborhood became friends, children of varying races didn’t talk much until they played basketball where â€Å"[children] played basketball together, black and white, without incident† (Kelley). The tension, of course, was not completely gone, but once the games began race was forgotten. Even today the sport brings all kinds of people together in all levels of competition. Women gained a lot as well from this sport. Through playing, women began to feel quality as they reached the same stardom as men who also played.Even early on, â€Å"women’s games were known for having a strong male fan base as well as entire families in attendance† (Milner). I t would have been very rare before this for women to be so supported by men, and the public in the general. Women before Naismith’s time had little to no rights and were very restricted to the things they could do that men also did. Being able to play in professional leagues with men was a very big step for their gaining of equality. Eventually, the WNBA was created, becoming the first professional women’s league of the four major U. S. sports.Many international links were formed through basketball as well. The originally American sport rapidly spread to all parts of the world where the game was loved. Worldwide leagues have since been created, spreading competition, as well as the sport’s popularity. The U. S. however, displayed global dominance in the sport right away. America won the first seven gold medals in Olympic basketball after the sport was added permanently in 1936 (Milner). This case of superiority added even more to America’s sense of pride and identity. Like everything else, basketball is not, by any means, perfect.There are some flaws with the sport that can be seen as very problematic. However, these issues are not in the slightest case unique and would be very hard to eliminate completely. Throughout the basketball world, minors who showcase special talent or potential are often victims of illegal action. Through gambling, recruiting, and scandals, these young athletes are the center of black-market professionalism caused by â€Å"corporate money funneled into amateur sports† (Wetzel introduction). All members involved in these leagues are sucked into the corruption.Teams, coaches, and whole universities are often sucked into the aftermath of a scandal. This puts a bad label on sometimes undeserving participants. The sport, and everything that comes with it, also puts a multitude of pressure on kids. Shoe, companies with high deals to offer, make children feel like they must cooperate in order to have their dreams come true. Teenagers become more focused on the money than the sport they love. These campaigns startle â€Å"college, high school, and even junior high school students with ongoing exploitation† (Wetzel introduction).These campaigns also cause for some major let-downs. Aspiring young players who see these ads and promises of fame and fortune work hard only to have their dreams crushed. Some advocates of this way of viewing the inside of basketball may say that society should be appalled. According to Dan Wetzel, this is â€Å"an important alarm to society that for too long has ignored the dark business behind amateur sports- and what it does to those who play them† (introduction). However, I don’t see this as an overwhelming, shocking issue. Crime like this happens everywhere, and in all sports.There in no way to ensure that this isn’t done. We should focus more on the bright side of this culture Naismith has given us and not pick out the negative s. Those young athletes who do make it symbolize everything that amateur players play for. They look back and admire where they’ve been and how they got to where they are. They are filled with admiration of their hard work, the choices they made, and the chances they took. Aside from personal benefit, the rest of society greatly benefits economically from the sport as a whole. Television ratings and ticket sales let towns and businesses prosper.The amount of events pertaining to the sport is a great device to keep money circulating through cities. Also, the big time stars that certain cities produce often give back to their communities. Charities such as NBA Cares donate to organizations everywhere. This game, this sport, this way of life to some, has so much sentimental value. Basketball teaches so many lifelong lessons that can be applied to anything one does in his or her time. The game â€Å"promotes teamwork, spirit, and helps get children active† (Carlo). These t hree ideas are critical and very behooving in a variety of professions as well as walks of life all across the world.Basketball also teaches people to never give up. Through adversity, you must keep fighting and pushing through to advance and help your team succeed. Quitting never helps, and if one works hard enough, he will reach his peak, much like Naismith learned. Another great thing this game gives us is friendship. Adults everywhere share camaraderie with one another based on friendships from high school or college which all began on a basketball court. In the words of former NBA player and United States congressman, Bill Bradley, â€Å"basketball is the gift that never stops giving. The game is full of great joy and great memory.Its invention needs to be celebrated. † Basketball remains one of the driving forces behind Americans through its enjoyment and the life lessons that it teaches. We owe a large part of our sense of pride and identity to Dr. James Naismith. His invention over a hundred and twenty years ago made a huge impact on life back then, as it does now. Without him and his creation, many things that many people take for granted would not be able to be enjoyed. Many of the paths he indirectly paved for this country, and its citizens, goes unnoticed. However, this invention changed our culture and society forever.

Gambling Speech

First , casinos play a big part in alluring people to play. Their flashy signs, lights, and even the e sound of people winning can be attractive even to the casual gamblers. Secondly, ca Sino can be found everywhere. There are thousands of casinos, making it convenience NT. One recent USA statistic shows that 70,000 to 105,000 citizens have financial probe ms caused by gambling and many were already broke before becoming addicted. Additionally, the gamblers family and friends are also affected.An addicted GA ambler can use all the funds available to them, causing family financial problems. So we can see that gambling can be very addictive, and each person should assess why t hey are gambling. Most gamblers usually can't rationally see their addiction. Therefore e, it is sometimes better if family or friends intervene. Depression, distress, migraines and anxiety related disorders are effects of GA ambling. But why do people still gamble if it can have such severe effects and consensus encase? Well, consider that casinos have positive benefits.One belief is that casinos AR e good for our economy or gambling can fill some emotional or psychological need. Many people don't understand when someone becomes addicted to gambling, there ex.'s not always an easy fix for the addiction. Also, gambling doesn't have a â€Å"low percept mintage† of winning. This is why many people think they II win a lot of money or recover their losses, because there's a good opportunity to win. The problem is, it's just as easy to lose. If you play 5 times, you might win 2 of those times and 3 times you'll wall k out with nothing.The gambler's only thoughts are about trying to win again, and t hey get addicted to that feeling; so its easy to see the appeal and how it keeps you go ins even when you continue to lose. What can we do to stop or reduce gambling in our world? Before you help 10th errs, help yourself. Ask yourself if you'd ever think about gambling and if it would be any DO D for you? Would you gamble to relieve stress, to have fun or for a onetime eve NT? Next, you could always seek help from God.Praying about the people addicted and knowing what we can do to help them is one step towards making the world a little bit better. Furthermore, we can spread the truth about gambling. Casinos are profitable from gamblers based on positive beliefs about gambling and we should raise aware knees of gambling effects and assist those who are addicted. 1 Timothy 6:10 says â€Å"The e love of money is the root of all evil. † Those who are rich in this world should not 10 eve money ore than God, who already provides us with everything for our enjoyment.Although money is a necessity to live, it should not be the main pursuit in our lives. Our main focus should be on God and our faith towards Him. Gambling is legal in many places which makes it easily accessible and is a maim contributor to the addiction problem. Perhaps the casinos and government c loud better monitor the casinos to help the gamblers. If you are considering gambling so onetime, think about what you are supporting, how it could affect your life, and maybe what you could do to help someone you know whose gambling too much.

The Movie Winnie Mandela Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Winnie Mandela - Movie Review Example A terrorist also depicts a person using terror, intimidation, and violence to achieve an end. The presence of different definitions and understanding of terrorism depicts several levels of complexities in terrorism. The study aims at reviewing the levels of complexities in the film, Winnie Mandela that aimed at expounding the role played by Winnie Mandela in the fight for South Africa’s fight for freedom. There are several ways in which the film, Winnie Mandela portrays terrorism with the definition evident from watching the film being the use of violence or threat of violence to achieve an end. One of the designations of terrorism evident in the film, Winnie Mandela, is violence against others as a measure of achieving a cause. This is evident when Winnie Mandela played by Jennifer Hudson perpetrates violence against opponents. The implication of Winnie Mandela of a teenager’s murder is a designation of terrorism since the main reason for the murder is to send a message to dissenters and informers who would face death and other forms of violence. The film provides that terrorism involves the use of violence to achieve a cause, which in the case of Winnie was to oppose the government through using violence against those who opposed her and the Mandela United Football Club. The use of violence in the achievement of the aim evidences terrorism as aimed at achieving the intended aim using all means necessary. The statement, â€Å"with our boxes of matches and our necklaces, we shall liberate this country†, depicting the use of old tires on informants’ necks and burning them alive depicts violence. Terrorism is also designated as an act of defiance aimed at achieving the goals designed despite the consequences. The film uses the actions of Winnie Mandela to depict defiance through her decision to engage in violence against her deserters. The decision is contrary to the requirements and believes of her husband Nelson Mandela and is well

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

International Business - Essay Example There is a say, â€Å"You can always buy in your own language but you must sell in your customer’s language† (Institute of Linguist Great Britian, 1995, p.187). This is true when we consider the aspect of Localized marketing strategy. Localization strategy thus demands a great deal of geographic surveys and international brand management which involves a considerably larger proportion of money. The international strategy runs over elaborate business literature by which it completes the process of decision making and execution of the trade between countries. This strategy is rather scientific as it institutes decision making characters such as market speculation, international trade agreements and other cooperative arrangements. The main theme of this strategy is driven by predictions about the outcomes of the trade. However, in this process, a better chance is enhanced with various examinations and experiments done on the subject at different levels based on the political, topographical and socio-economic conditions of the trading country. Many of the international business giants are successful only because of the effectiveness of international strategy. Apparently the most sophisticated one, transactional strategy is more beneficial to trade as it maintains a high degree of integrity and consistency of international business data. Transactional strategy is largely adopted by firms and corporatists managing international banking, insurance and stock broking. This strategy requires the involvement of computerized mechanism rather than human elements. Since the transactional strategy is more transparent than the other two, it is needless to say that it has to be protected with the strongest transaction support system available for the trade. Competitive advantage of a firm demands it to perform beyond the expected levels in order to compete with the market in a given period of time. Due to insufficient supply of factors of

Non-strategic games Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Non-strategic games - Case Study Example Games are normally based on certain strategic principles (Condon 498-410). In non-strategic games, little skills are involved. In fact, there are no predetermined solutions and results and hence none of the players can determine how the outcome of the game would be. Experience in non-strategic games is not of essence. The crucial factor that separates this type of game and business models from the rest is that there exists relatively little chance involved. All players, or business partners in a business scenario, have equal degree of knowledge of the elements of the game or business market constraints. Little or no physical skills are required in this game. Examples of strategic games include the Mastermind, English Draughts, Chess, Go, and the Nine Men's Morris. Non-strategic games are also different from the strategic ones which involve strategic decision making. Non-strategic games do not focus on important issues of the game, they do not consider long term horizons nor do they bother with the need to be accountable. There is very little or no accounts for uncertainty. Businesses and business managers heavily employ the concept of non-strategic games in their decision making processes. A strategy or tactics in general are usually contrasted with luck. ... Wishful behaviors are not associated to strategic games. Games exist on a continuum from pure skill to pure chance, with strategic games usually towards the skill end of the spectrum (462). There exist so many non-strategic games in Europe and in other parts of the world. Some of these games are chess and other chase related games, paper and pencil games such as dot and boxes and the sprouts game, the n-in-a-row games among others. A game of skills is not a strategic game. This is precisely because the the outcome is determined mainly by mental and sometimes by the physical skills and not purely ones chance. Non-strategic games, unlike other games of skill, are not a means of exploring one's own capabilities. They also do not encourage the players to understand, look into and even experience what is happening. Technological advancement has for quite a long time encouraged the use and development of non-strategic games. Even though most games involve a degree of chance, randomization devices are used mainly to ensure that the chances of an instance repeating itself are minimal. Some of the commonly used randomization devices and games include the coin flip, the dice, playing cards and the random number generator. There is always a legal importance in the distinction between chance and the use of skills in accomplishing a given task. Chance games and even chance business management strategies and decision making models are differentiated from the ones where skills are employed. However, the legal distinction between the two terms is often vague and it varies widely from one set up to anoth er. Unlike non-strategic games, abstract strategy games are only loosely tied to a real-world theme, if at all. A small category of non-perfect and abstract strategy

Friday project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Friday project - Assignment Example make default crises more frequent; when a budget that is balanced at the start of the year falls out of balance during the year due to slower-than-expected economic growth or other factors beyond policymakers’ control, default could threaten if cuts large enough to restore balance can’t be passed swiftly and it proves impossible to secure a three-fifths vote to raise the debt limit. By the same token, the balanced budget amendment would not only undermine the automatic stabilizing function the federal government plays but would push in the opposite direction by requiring greater retrenchment when the economy falters. As a consequence, the constitutional amendment is likely to make recessions more frequent and deeper. The amendment also would increase the risk of a government default. It has often proved difficult to amass a simple majority in Congress to raise the debt limit so an impending default could be averted. The constitutional amendment also undermines majority rule, the basis for our democracy. The amendment would essentially enable minorities to engage in a form of extortion; they could threaten to plunge the nation into serious fiscal difficulty by refusing to help provide a three-fifths vote to waive the balanced budget requirement and raise the debt limit when a recession loomed, unless they were granted concessions on major policy issues as the price for their votes. A recent CBO study found that if deficits are held to two percent of the Gross Domestic Product through 2030, we will experience solid economic growth, and younger generations will be substantially better off than current generations. In fact, CBO found little difference in growth rates between such a policy and a policy of balancing the budget every year. It also is instructive that the goal Senator Bob Kerrey and former Senator Jack Danforth — both deficit hawks — set for the Entitlement Commission in 1994 was to limit the deficit to two percent of the Gr oss Domestic Product in

Introdction to sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introdction to sociology - Essay Example Both group of people experience life is continually changing and both find it difficult to control, but they differ on the perspectives. Strategies should be formulated as it gives some sort of control and forward planning in life but such households are few. Such people attempt to ‘make out’ while others are just ‘getting by’. Every individual and household has to encounter contingencies and both planner and non-planners have to cope with it. The ones who plan find it easier to cope with changed situations while the non-planners have to struggle. Most people just try to ‘get by’ which is not advisable. Most of the people have to experience both the situations in their lives but ultimately some sort of forward planning does make life easier. In the educational field it operates via the process of individualization or choice and through the characteristics of the cultural and social capital. A research on the different market forces in education revealed that the teachers, parents and managers have different priorities, values and skills (Gerwitz, Ball & Bowe). These govern the local markets. The authors contend that the goods should be distributed according to merit or those families deserve it that are motivated to take advantage of the policy of open enrolment. The other definition is need-based which implies that resources should go to those in need of it and those who have fewer resources in the home and community to meet educational needs. The main findings of the study suggest that the schools are keen to meet the perceived demands of the parents and the market is middle-class oriented. Parental choice of school is based on race and class. They also have the capacity to exploit the market to their children’s advantage. Since schools are funded on the basis of the number of students. Locality holds no importance. The skilled and

New technology development in the primary sector Assignment

New technology development in the primary sector - Assignment Example oned activities, the packaging and processing of raw materials associated with these sectors is also considered to be a component of the primary sector. In developed and developing nations, a decreasing percentage of workers are employed in the primary sector either directly or indirectly. For instance, around 30% of the U.S labor force is involved in primary sector activity at the moment, compared to more than two-thirds in the mid-19th century. Without even knowing it, everybody comes into contact with the products of the primary sector every day. From the food we eat for breakfast, to the train we take to work, each and every part of our day contains things made from products of the primary sector (Peng 2009, pg. 12). Apart from extracting and processing raw materials, the primary sector is also involved in the creation of the basic materials for use in other sectors. For instance, growing and harvesting cotton which can then be turned into clothes which we wear every day, or bags for carrying luggage from the market, or when travelling. In summary, the primary sector produces goods which we cannot do without. Goods which we need to survive and operate, hence the â€Å"primary† part of its name. The terms research and development (R&D) and their synonyms are usually used co-terminously when referring to them in many contexts, and almost as interchangeable terms in some contexts. Terms applied in such close proximity to each other deserve a closer semantic analysis and should also attract interrogation from professional subjects involved with regard to not just their relationship to each other, but also their individual value to several contexts in regard to the quality of evidence that each offers. Research is the first step in new technology development. It starts with a problem and collects, records and tests data to develop a remedy. On the other hand, development involves working out the details of the solution, such as what materials for construction are

4 appeals ads analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

4 appeals ads analysis - Essay Example The ad features a man licking on a woman's foot in a seductive fashion. There is a bottle of one of the varieties of Hugo's fragrances pictured. The advertisement reads, "Your Fragrance, Your Rules" (The Retiary Network, 2008, pg. 1). This advertisement is aimed at teenagers and young adults. It provokes an emotional response that, if you wear Hugo fragrances, this too can happen to you. Sex appeal was used in this advertisement to attract customers of reproductive age, as well as to make viewers feel like Hugo fragrances can bring them a mate. This advertisement is quite effective at triggering an emotional response utilizing sex appeal (The Retiary Network, 2008).The advertisement that was chosen for the fear appeal category is an anti-tobacco campaign advertisement. It features two photographs of a man: one where he appears healthy, normal, and having a good time and another where he appears swollen and very ill in a hospital bed dying of oral cancer. The advertisement reads, "The y fooled him. Don't let them fool you" and "With candy flavors and slick advertising, the smokeless tobacco industry has hooked over a million kids. Now they're trying to convince Congress to let them make misleading health claims about their products. Don't be fooled" (Tobacco Free Kids, 2008, pg. 1). This advertisement is directed towards both those who use tobacco in an attempt to get them to stop and towards those who do not to prevent them from ever starting in the first place. It is especially aimed at children and teens and those with voting power. The photographs are very effective at instilling shock and fear into a person and scaring him or her into avoiding tobacco. This advertisement was used to provoke the emotional response to think that, hey, that could happen to me, too and that the viewer should not use tobacco (Tobacco Free Kids, 2008). Humor The advertisement that was chosen for the humor appeal category is an M & M's advertisement. It features an M & M candy piece that is decorated to look like Burt Reynolds, who is grinning in a humorous fashion, dressed up like a cowboy, and leaning up against a truck. The whole idea of using humor here is to invoke the emotions associated with having a good time, laughing, and eating candy in order to convince viewers of all ages to go out and purchase M & M's candy. This particular advertisement was part of a campaign to get people to personalize their M & M's with their own messages. Through picturing a celebrity as an M & M, it provides a humorous character impersonation that is designed to get people of all ages-but especially adults-to take advantage of the offer to print their personalized messages on M & M's. Of the four advertisements that were chosen for this assignment, this one is probably the least effective at eliciting an emotional response, however (M&M's, 2008). Rational The advertisement that was chosen for the rational appeal category is a Hank's Beverages advertisement. The advertisement features a photograph of a sportscar and a beverage from Hank's and reads, "Only one of these is both rich and affordable. Genuine Hank's Beverages. A taste of the sweet life" (Allison Furkey, 2008, pg. 1). This advertisement was placed into the rational category because it invokes a sense of practicality. Everyone dreams of having that fancy sportscar, but here is a beverage everyone can actually afford. It also heightens the image of Hank's by portraying it as a fancy or

Cost Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cost Management - Essay Example Using learning lessons from General Electric, and through referencing personal experiences with cost management, learning associated with cost management and future projections about competent business planning can be developed. It is necessary to understand the demand environment and operational costs in order to successfully meet budget guidelines and secure effective cost management. Main Issues Mattel company did not fully understand its demand environment, thus the business was making decisions, strategically for long-term financial gain, that would not be sustained according to models of product life cycle. The product life cycle model recognizes the gains associated with new product launch and then follows the viability of products throughout the time period where product would be accepted by consumer markets. The life cycle model recognizes that products will eventually reach a maturity stage where new technologies or innovations begin to make demand volumes obsolete, thus th e business must be equipped to launch new products to offset any losses that occur. Dooley (2005) offers that it is extremely difficult to predict whether a product will have a long and profitable life cycle or whether the product, due to competition or even changing social and lifestyle needs, will have a long period where profit is sustainable. Mattel acquired a software company, Learning Co., as a means of diversifying its product portfolio and thus offering customers more selection of product and to ensure the business sustained its quality brand in the minds of buyers. Some of the main software titles were Carmen Sandiego and other relevant software characters that were associated with lifestyle and child values. Mattel believed that this decision would provide software titles with significantly-long product life cycles, thus offering more profitability through sales volumes. Soon after acquisition, Mattel realized that the decision to utilize these particular software names wa s not leading to the profit expected, thus leading to higher operational costs without sales volumes to sustain projections. It was assumed that the Carmen Sandiego, and other relevant brands, would have a much longer growth period in the life cycle than consumers actually favored. The end result: Mattel was left with very high operational costs, such as inventory and supply chain, which left the business with little options but to divest some of its business holdings. General Electric, on the other hand, understands the importance of not only diversifying its portfolio of products, but to create systems and feedback mechanisms that recognize the majority of costs during the planning process. Mattel was looking too closely at the consumer environment without realizing that some products would ultimately reach the maturity stage long before projections suspected. What did this indicate? It suggested that Mattel was not proactive in creating a well diversified product line, the firm d id not understand fully what was driving consumer demand ratios, and that Mattel had significant failures associated with manufacture and related operational costs. Mattel, in its proverbial effort to put all of its eggs in one software basket, did not create a supply chain methodology that would sustain unique product innovation and growth

the Collection The Worlds Wife Essay Example for Free

the Collection The Worlds Wife Essay Anne Hathaway is written in a very similar style to all the other poems in The Worlds Wife. My lovers words were shooting starts that fell to earth as kisses is a metaphor emphasising the brilliance of his words and implying that they originated in heaven, thus making them perfect. Duffy frequently uses imagery thus. The bed a page beneath his writers hands is an example of figurative language in the semantic field of writing, which is associated with Shakespeare. Similarly, Mrs Aesop is filled with morals such as the pot that called the kettle [black], as fables are what Aesop is remembered for, and Frau Freud is centred around euphemisms for penis, as penis envy was Freuds legacy. This use of subject-specific lexemes is frequently used by Duffy to invoke thoughts of the famous figures concerned. Just as I had wept for a night and a day / over my loss in Mrs Lazarus contains enjambement, very few lines in Anne Hathaway are endstopped, resulting in a flowing syntax emphasising the fluidity of their love. Duffy does, however, use caesura on the line a page beneath his writers hands. Romance and drama , dividing the ensuing romance and drama from Anne dreaming, perhaps implying that she would still have experienced romance and drama without dreaming. Gone home. Gutted the place from Mrs Lazarus is another example of caesura separating actions, this time to express a sense of finality and determination. The descriptive feel of Anne Hathaway is enhanced by Duffys use of declarative sentences. Alliteration in living laughing love expresses happiness, just as feared, famous, friends of the stars is alliterative to show how the Kray Sisters were happy because of their fame. This contented fluidity is further enhanced by assonance other bed, the best, our guests; sibilance by scent, by taste; and fricatives softer rhyme. These makes their love seem continuous, just as the birth in Pope Joan seems unstoppable because of the fricatives and repetition of lifting me, flinging me down All these literary features are used in every poem in The Worlds Wife, making Anne Hathaway feel a natural part of the collection. However, The Worlds Wife is all about feminism; the genitive in the title suggesting that women are possessions and that this is evident across the entire planet. The poems satirise this attitude using hyperbole, for instance making Aesop obsessed with morals, or by twisting history (making the Kray Brothers women). Every poem is a famous story told from the point of view of a woman, often turning the plot of the story around as with Little Red-Cap, or giving the pivotal point of the story to the woman, as with Mrs Darwin. Anne Hathaway is not satirical. Although, as most of Duffys poems are, it is a dramatic monologue, it is not a rant. It is a love poem. Throughout Anne Hathaway there are two separate lexical chains: words such as kisses, lips, hands and body in the semantic field of love and nouns such as words, page, noun and verb in the semantic field of writing. Just as these two chains are clearly separated, so Shakespeares writing was separate from his love. This is emphasised in the title: unlike the other poems in the collection, Anne Hathaway is not entitled Mrs. Shakespeare. The name Shakespeare is associated with Shakespeares works. The different surname separates Anne Hathaways love from Shakespeares works, which were fictional: Shakespeares love for Anne was not fictional. The two lexical chains do touch in places, for instance the bed a page beneath his writers hands. Each time the two themes combine it is to describe more vividly a sensual action, such as the innuendo a verb dancing in the centre of a noun. This is to emphasise how Shakespeare put his whole being and essence into loving Anne Hathaway. There is only one other true love poem in The Worlds Wife: Delilah. The love Delilah feels for Samson is emphasised by the use of polysyndeton, sibilance and alliterative fricatives in slip and slide and sprawl, handsome and huge. Samsons physical strength is represented semantically by the nouns tiger, fire and Minotaur which carry connotations of power and fear. The simple rhyming couplets bear/dare, fear/here bring a feeling of truth and simplicity to Samsons claims. This strength contrasts with the emotional weakness he then demonstrates, justifying Delilahs desire to help him. She is portrayed as very possessive of Samson, my warrior and his head on my lap suggesting that she felt empowered and within her right to act. The simple, isolated sentence I was there implies that she loves the power, as do the adjectives deliberate, passionate. Although in this poem Duffy doesnt represent the woman as being in the right, Duffy at least makes both characters seem more human, lowering Samson from his position of strength and raising Delilah from her baseness.

Antenna Technology Wireless

Antenna Technology Wireless Definition Antenna is an electronic device mostly known as transducer that is designed to receive and transmit electromagnetic waves and can be very effective in the telecommunication systems. It was the most neglected section of all the personal communication systems. But with the rapid evolution of the technology, communication is expected to be transmitted and received quickly and with fewer errors whether it is through wireless networks or otherwise, thus antennas can solve this problem. Actually it is not the Antennas which are smart but the smart system that makes it work are smart. Smart antennas consists of many other antennas which when combine together would produce or receive signals faster and more efficient. Normally this set of antennas is called MIMO which means multiple inputs -multiple outputs. . Beamforming is a technique where signals are processed and send to the direction of the receiver or vice-versa. The signal is either a fix pattern or adaptive pattern that is modified to make maximum usage of signal. Background Smart Antennas can be referred as a new technology which is used with the mobile communication, but in fact the first Smart Antennas were introduced to use by the government in the military application in 1960s. The transmission of the signal used directed beams to avoid environmental interferences such as noise and at the same time hiding transmitted data from enemies. During those days the antennas structure was very large and it was time-consuming to calculate the exact transmission rate and correctness of the signal. In 1987, the concept of wireless communication has been invented by Marconi and since then there has been an extensive and continuing increase in the use of mobile communication. Newer technologies and approach were explored and deployed and when the latest one that is the Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) has been emerged it brings a promising future to the wireless communication. SDMA is based on the use of Smart Antennas and researchers have worked on this technology to apply it on personal communication. Types of Smart Antennas There are two main types of Smart Antennas Switched beam is the simplest structure of Smart Antennas; it forms fixed multiples beams to serve users in a predefined way. The signal gives its best performance by switching from one beam to another when the user of the mobile moves through their cell. The table below shows how this approach works: But the problem with this beam occurs is the user is not in the middle of the main beam. The other type is the Adaptive Array Antennas. It is the most advanced approach of the Smart Antenna System as it automatically adjusts the beam with the condition of environmental factor that is the movement of the user and any interferers. Furthermore it also identifies, track and reduce any interfering signals and it maximize the signal radiation in the direction of the mobile user. The adjustment is attained the incoming signal is multiplied with complex weights and then summing them together to obtain the desired radiation pattern. Categories of Smart Antennas The Smart Antennas fall into three categories SIMO, MISO, and MIMO. Single-Input and Multiple-Output (SIMO) uses a single antenna for transmission to be received by multiple antennas in wireless communication. A benefit of this category is that the antennas are combined to reduce errors and improve the transmission distance but in some cases this gives rise to problem with multipath effect. As discussed in SearchMobileComputing, 2005 website when an electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with obstructions such as hills, canyons, buildings, and utility wires, the wavefronts are scattered, and thus they take many paths to reach the destination. The late arrival of scattered portions of the signal causes problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff effect), and intermittent reception (picket fencing). In digital communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. Thus two or more antennas as transmitted can solve this problem. Multiple-Input, Single-Output (MISO) means that there are multiple antennas to transmit but a single antenna to receive. This has practically the same benefits and limitations as that of SIMO, but this technology has widespread application in Digital TeleVision (DTV), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and mobile communications. Multiple-Input, Single-Output (MIMO) used multiples antennas for transmitters and as well as receiver for wireless communication. Antennas which were not a great subject of discussion recently become the most important category in wireless communication. Especially when Researchers finally proved that with MIMO antennas system there are lots of advantages such as greater receiver gain, increased data rates, larger network throughput, and improved reliability through antenna diversity. IEEE 802.11n wireless standard which is expected in 2009 uses MIMO to increase maximum speed to 100 Mbps and beyond, double the 802.11a and 11g wireless standards. This article was extracted from Techworld.com which clearly shows the use of MIMO system in wireless communication. Cox, 2008 says that â€Å"MIMO has made its way into chipsets and could be in WLAN devices by year-end. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project, a collaboration of telecom standards groups, is also evaluating MIMO techniques for use in cellular networks. MIMO doubles the spectral efficiency compared with that of current WLANs. So far, the only company with MIMO chipsets is Airgo Networks, which launched its products in August 2003. MIMO is unique because it multiplies bandwidth by essentially providing multiple channels between devices, says Ben Manny, director of the radio communications laboratory in Intels corporate technology group.† MIMO can be classified into three categories Precoding, Spatial Multiplexing and Diversity Coding. Precoding is multi-layer beamforming to support MIMO radio system. It is used for single-user MIMO or multiple-user MIMO in a linear or non-linear algorithm. Spatial multiplexing is a way to transmit and separate high rate signal into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. Diversity methods is a single stream (unlike spatial multiplexing) to transmit data and is coded using techniques called space-time coding. Overview Architectures of Smart Antenna (MIMO) One of the biggest problems in wireless telecommunication is fading and inter-symbol interferences as shown in the diagram, below. Fading refers to the distortion of intensity over certain propagation media and Inter-symbol interference (ISI) occurs when there is reflection caused by other remote objects. The transmitted signal, at the receiver end are overlapped and delayed. To overcome this problem we use MIMO architecture, Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation and Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coding. MIMO operate in two modes diversity mode and spatial multiplexing mode to solve the problem. Diversity Mode The use of two or more antennas that are spaced sufficiently apart such that they can receive signals from independent signal paths are involve in a Simple Receive Diversity. A basic way to select an optimal receive antenna from an array of antennas is Selection Combining, whereby the receiver switches to another antenna whenever it detects weak signals or a high noise level from the current receiving antenna. More sophisticated techniques such as Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) receive on multiple antennas simultaneously and apply advanced signal processing algorithms to combine the different versions of the received signals to maximize SNR and minimize receive errors. Selection Combining and MRC can be implemented on just the receive side of the link as shown in the figure below. (Video54, 2008, p3) Spatial Multiplexing Mode In rich multipath environments with multiple uncorrelated signal paths as figure 5, Spatial Multiplexing (SM) allows the sender to transmit different portions of the user data on multiple paths in parallel to increase capacity. The target receiver must implement a corresponding de-multiplexing algorithm to recover the original information stream from multiple antennas. In an ideal multipath environment, SM can increase the capacity of a single frequency channel linearly with the number of transmit antennas used. (Video54, 2008, p4) Figure 5: Spatial diversity (Video54, 2008, p4) Spatial Multiplexing requires the same multiplexing algorithm on both sides of a communications link. Therefore it is not interoperable with existing 802.11a/b/g devices. Until 802.11n is defined, only SM client and SM network devices from the same vendor can communicate with each other. (Video54, 2008, p4) In contrast, Selection Combining and Maximum Ratio Combining are diversity techniques that can be implemented on just one side of a communications link; therefore they can benefit all existing 802.11a/b/g devices even when diversity is only implemented on the Access Point. (Video54, 2008, p4) Thus the above explanation shows how MIMO which is being a category of Smart Antennas is designed. Benefits/Limitations of Smart Antennas Benefits Smart Antennas System, being one the latest technology in progress has brought lot of benefits. It serves as a dual purpose that is while enhancing the signal quality; it also increased the reuse of the frequency. The benefits are in more details below: As Smart Antennas receive signal from several antennas, this increase the power for higher gain of signal. The Antennas also focuses on the communication device which allows the range of operation and the service by the antennas to increase. Thus reducing the cost by lowering the amplifier costs, power consumption and result in a higher reliability. To be more precise, with Smart Antennas the network providers will not require as many antennas/base stations to provide coverage. (Lehne et al. 1999, p. 5) Furthermore, Smart Antennas provide the facility to reuse the frequencies which can increase the number of users. This also add to the factor of cost reduction, that is if more users are on the same frequency there will be less operating cost for purchasing the frequency space. Interference will also be suppressed with the introduction of the Antennas system. The transmission pattern will be generated directly as before it was radiated from all the direction and increases interferences. Thus the suppression will also increase the ability to reuse and achieve a better coverage. With Smart Antennas signal are transmitted while targeting the communication device which can also be used to determine the accurate geographic information of the device. This can allow network providers to offer new services to the devices for example guiding emergency services to the location or the locality information. This system also increases security, as radiation of the signal is direct and not as in the traditional way when it was omni-directional. If someone wants to intercept the transmissions they would need to be at the same location or between the two communicating devices. (Gadh et al. 2003) Moreover, with the frequency reuse there in an increase in the bandwidth as Smart Antennas provide diversity. The adaptive array utilize multi-path signal to reach a device and reduce the effective delay spread of the channel and allowing higher bit rates to be supported without an equalizer. And as Smart antennas are not a new protocol or standard, it can easily be integrated with existing non smart antennas and devices. Limitations As all other system, Smart Antennas also has some constraints. Lots of faults or problems can occur which can be very hard to diagnose as Smart Antenna is much more complicated than the traditional one (Lehne et al. 1999, p. 5). And also though there will be a reduction in the cost factor with the frequency reuse when the system is already implemented but while implementing this complex system, they are far more expensive than the traditional antenna. Furthermore due to the antenna arrays which are utilized by smart antenna systems, they are much larger in size than traditional systems. This can be a problem in a social context as antennas can be seen as ugly or unsightly. (Lehne et al. 1999, p.6) Smart Antennas need to have the best location to operate because of the direct radiation and not as the traditional one. For example in a road context, smart antennas are better situated away from the road, unlike normal antennas which are best situated along the road. (Lehne et al. 1999, p . 6) Need of Smart Antennas Smart Antennas has been required to accommodate with the future of mobile communication that is to significantly improve the performance of wireless performance and increase the number of users. So Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) which is a satellite communication mode has exploited this technology to optimize the use of radio spectrum and minimized cost. SDMA also known as SDM (spatial-division multiplex) has also used Smart Antennas or adaptive array to adjust dynamically with the changing traffic and the user requirements by providing frequency reuse and antennas that are highly directional, unlike the previous wireless system like FDMA, TDMA or CDMA. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) was the first generation of wireless networks communication. FDMA technique was a basic technology in analog that was used by the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) and was the most widely technology installed in mobile phone in North America. FDMA assigned each channel to only one user at a time and is also used in the Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). But The Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS) which also uses FDMA adds TDMA to get three channels for each FDMA channel, tripling the number of calls that can be handled on a channel. (Sanchez, 2003) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) was first used BY D-AMPS then Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) in 2G cellular system, and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC). Each of them implements TDMA differently and in incompatible way (Search Networking, 2006). TDMA is a channel access method to share medium network and used in digital mobile communication dividing signal into three time slots in order to increase the amount of data that can be carried. It also allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium while using only the part of its bandwidth they require. TDMA is used for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) and also in the satellite system and combat-net radio. (Wikipedia, 2008) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) refers to the second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) wireless communication. It can be said to be an alternative to TDMA and FDMA, but CDMA has a much higher bandwidth than the data being communicated in contrast with TDMA which divides access by time and FDMA divides by frequency. CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth and also allows roaming (Search Telecom, 2007) but it does not guaranteed the future of mobile communication and this is where SDMA arise and become the solution. Conclusion Even though Smart Antennas has some limitations, it has proved that it is the latest technology to bring an excellent future to wireless communication. With the adaptive array system the communication would be clearer with better signal and also the frequency reuse is of great advantage to cost reduction. Furthermore, MIMO is one of the latest discussed and the IEEE 802.11n wireless standard is expected in 2009. So it can be concluded that Smart Antennas has a great future. References Web ProForum Tutorials Smart Antenna Systems http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/acrobat/smart_ant.pdf Date accessed 15/04/08 Wikimedia Foundation, Inc (2008) Smart Antennas, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Antennas, Date accessed 18/04/08. TechTarget (2004) Smart Antenna http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci1026138,00.html Date accessed 18/04/08. Paulraj (2008) Smart Antenna Research Group http://www.stanford.edu/group/sarg/ Date accessed 20/04/08. CDMA Development Group (2008) Smart Antennas http://www.cdg.org/technology/cdma_technology/smart_antennas/index.asp Date accessed 24/04/08. Shetty, K.K (2004) Chapter 1 Introduction http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04092004-143712/unrestricted/Ch_1introduction.pdf Date accessed 24/04/08. Cugnin, A (2008) Smart antennas http://broadcastengineering.com/hdtv/smart_antennas/ Date accessed 30/04/08. Georg zur B, Thomas C Smart antennas: A design alternative http://www.eetasia.com/ARTICLES/2005FEB/B/2005FEB16_RFD_TA.pdf?SOURCES=DOWNLOAD Date accessed 05/05/08. Kassner, M (2008) /a>Whats MiMo? http://wedothatradio.wordpress.com/2008/04/10/mimo-mike-kassner/ Date accessed 09/05/08. Cox, J (2008) Which smart antenna system will win? http://www.techworld.com/mobility/features/index.cfm?featureid=396 Date accessed 15/05/08. WTEC Hyper-Librarian(2000) Smart Antenna Advantages http://www.wtec.org/loyola/wireless/06_04.htm Date accessed 21/05/08. Hall, D (2007) Smart Antennas http://www.robotification.com/content/view/13/ Date accessed 22/05/08. Sanchez, R.W (2003) FDMA http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid40_gci213959,00.html Date accessed 24/05/08. TechTarget (2006) TDMA http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214175,00.html Date accessed 24/05/08. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc (2008) Time division multiple access http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Division_Multiple_Access Date accessed 24/05/08. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc (2008) Code division multiple access http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA Date accessed 24/05/08. TechTarget (2007) CDMA http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid103_gci213842,00.html Date accessed 24/05/08. Intel Journal (2006) MIMO Architecture for Wireless Communication http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2006/volume10issue02/art07_MIMO_Architecture/p06_mimo_systems_ofdm_ldpc.htm Date accessed 25/05/08. Video54 (2008) Mimo and Smart Antenna Techniques for 802.11a/b/g Networks http://www.edsl.com.au/ruckus/whitepapers/smart-antennas.pdf Date accessed 25/05/08.

Crew Pairing And Rostering Aviation Essay

Crew Pairing And Rostering Aviation Essay The award scheme below is loosely based on CASA regulations as regulations for the Asia and Thailand region could not be located. This award scheme takes into account Federal regulations and union negotiated contracts. A pilot may not fly and cannot be rostered when the pilot has exceeded: 38 working hours per any 7 consecutive days 100 working hours in any 28 consecutive days 900 working hours in any 364 consecutive days 11 working hours on a roster 8 hours flight time on a roster Be signed on more than once in a working day An employee (excluding pilot) may not serve work and cannot be rostered when they have exceeded: 59 working hours per any 7 consecutive days 155 working hours in any 28 consecutive days 1,400 working hours in any 364 consecutive days 11 working hours on a roster Periods free of duty: Pilot is allowed at least one weekend off in each calendar month Normally the pilot is rostered for 5 days on consecutive duty and 2 days free of duty. By mutual agreement deferral of one free of duty day can be arranged with the free of duty day taken within 30 days. Separation of free of duty days can be undertaken with mutual consent. If pilot is away from home base then deferral of free of duty days can be taken, however to be effective immediately upon return to home base. A pilot cannot be rostered after 2200 the day before free of duty is issued. If a pilot has worked after this time due to delays the pay rate will double. Similarly a pilot cannot be rostered before 0600 the day after free of duty has been issued. A pilot will have a rest time after being on duty of 9 consecutive hours embracing 2200 to 0600 local time OR 10 consecutive hours. If duty time has exceeded 11 hours due to delays the pilot will receive a rest period of 9 consecutive hours between 2200-0600 plus an hour for each 15 minutes over 11 hours OR 10 consecutive hours plus an hour for each 15 minutes over 11 hours. If duty time has exceeded 12 hours due to delays then the pilot shall receive a 24 hour rest period. Rostering: A pilots rosters must be compiled before 7 days of the roster period and cover a minimum 14 day period. Break: A pilot will be allowed a 30 minute break within 5 working hours. Leave: An employee is entitled to 42 days of annual leave which may be split over two sections within a calendar year. Work related injury or illness will have a maximum of 52 weeks absence from work fully paid if proof is found that firm is at fault. Sickness or injury occurring outside of work will have a paid leave of a maximum 10 days within a calendar year. Pay Rates 1:50 cabin crew ratio for 36-216 seats 1:36 Over 216 seats, 1 cabin crew member per each exit B787-9 8 exits Resource Planning Flight Crew Normal 28 Day Roster 18 days flying 1 day training 1 day reserve 8 days duty free Cabin Crew Normal 28 Day Roster 19 days flying 1 day training 8 days duty free Flight Crew There are 13 roster periods within a year (28 days) Non working days are 42(annual leave) + 10(sick leave) = 52 days per annum Therefore approximately 1.86 off duty periods per annum 900 working hours per annum max à · 11.14 working periods per annum = 80.77 working hours per period -80/10/13 80.77 working hours per period à · 19 flying days per period = 4.25 hours per day Therefore we must utilise our aircrew an average of 4.25 hours per each flying day to achieve maximum utilisation of 900 working hours within 364 consecutive days, the regulation limit. Cabin Crew There are 13 roster periods within a year (28 days) Non working days are 42(annual leave) + 10(sick leave) = 52 days per annum Therefore approximately 1.86 off duty periods per annum 1,400 working hours per annum max à · 11.14 working periods per annum = 125.67 working hours per period 125.67 working hours per period à · 20 flying days per period = 6.28 hours per day Hence to gain maximum utilisation out of our cabin crew respective to the 1,400 hours working limit per 364 consecutive days, the cabin crew would need to work approximately 6.28 hours per day. Pattern Planning Objective: Minimise the number of crew that have to work each day hence flying the current crew as many block hours as possible. This allows for high utilisation of crew leading to a decrease in the amount of crew needed. Crew staying over at DXB instead of BOM in case of delays BKK-DXB-BOM crew would go overtime. Duty time of BKK-DXB-BOM = 10:38 flight time = 7:53. Aurora Air has decided on changing the aircraft schedule to try and implement a very high utilisation of flight crew, however this ended up not working due to the constraints of maximum flight hours allowed at any one time. Pattern 01 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 0500 Day 1 BKK/TLV 0600/0946 7:46 Blk Day 1 Sign Off 1006 9:16 Dty Overnight: Tel Aviv Day 2 Sign On 1001 Day 2 TLV/BKK 1101/2247 7:46 Blk Day 2 Sign Off 2317 9:16 Dty Pattern 02 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 0700 Day 1 BKK/DXB 0800/1033 5:33 Blk Day 1 Sign Off 1103 7:03 Dty Overnight: Dubai Day 2 Sign On 1048 Day 2 DXB/BOM 1148/1538 2:20 Blk Day 2 BOM/BKK 1653/2155 3:32 Blk Day 2 Sign Off 2225 5:52 Blk 8:37 Dty Pattern 03 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 0730 Day 1 BKK/NRT 0830/1546 5:16 Blk Day 1 Sign Off 1616 6:46 Dty Overnight: Tokyo Day 2 Sign On 1601 Day 2 NRT/KIX 1701/1748 0:47 Blk Day 2 KIX/BKK 1833/2118 4:45 Blk Day 2 Sign Off 2148 5:32 Blk 7:47 Dty Pattern 04 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 0530 Day 1 BKK/PVG 0630/1052 Blk 3:22 Day 1 PVG/BKK 1207/1429 Blk 3:22 Day 1 Sign Off 1459 Blk 6:44 9:29 Dty Pattern 05 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 1444 Day 1 BKK/TPE 1544/1940 Blk 2:56 Day 1 TPE/BKK 2055/2251 Blk 2:56 Day 1 Sign Off 2321 Blk 5:52 8:37 Dty Pattern 06 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 1654 Day 1 BKK/HKG 1754/2058 Blk 2:04 Day 1 HKG/BKK 2213/2317 Blk 2:04 Day 1 Sign Off 2347 Blk 4:08 6:53 Dty Pattern 07 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 0600 Day 1 BKK/ICN 0700/1312 Blk 4:12 Day 1 Sign Off 1342 5:42 Dty Overnight: Seoul Day 2 Sign On 1327 Day 2 ICN/BKK 1427/1639 Blk 4:12 Day 2 Sign Off 1709 5:42 Dty Pattern 08 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 1638 Day 1 BKK/SIN 1738/2024 Blk 1:46 Day 1 SIN/BKK 2139/2225 Blk 1:46 Day 1 Sign Off 2255 Blk 3:32 6:17 Dty Pattern 09 (Base: BKK) Day 1 Sign On 0630 Day 1 BKK/PEK 0730/1219 Blk 3:49 Day 1 PEK/BKK 1334/1623 Blk 3:49 Day 1 Sign Off 1653 Blk 7:38 10:23 Dty Change due to 0600 constraint being included Constraints: Pattern 01 04 cannot have an OFF day preceding them 8 OFF days per roster period OFF days must be in pairs 1 Training day per roster period 1 Reserve day per roster period No reserve days overlap between each fleet type Each pattern flown only once each day An unscheduled day must follow a reserve day Crew Rostering Aurora Air has regarded that using the fair share system in which the airline will assign the crew their flying duties in a fair manner taking into account periods of duty free time, hours already flown, etc (Cybula, 2006). In addition crew rostering will take into account the legal limitations of all employees within our region of Thailand and Asia. We have decided to take this approach as we are a starting up airline and it is assumed that pilots apart from the chief pilot will have similar flying hours. All unscheduled days are assumed to be standby days in which the flight crew can be allocated to a flight within a short period of time. Priority will be given to reserve crew who will be stationed at the airport assisting with operations of flights and will be used first to cover any shortages in staff. However if a further shortage of flight crews is realised then any flight crew on standby can be called into duty. Both reserve crew and standby crew are to go without pay however reserve crew must be at the airport in full uniform. Reserve crew will be given meals at expense to the airline. Crews who are rostered as Reserve Ltd are limited in their ability as they cannot take over a flight pattern for more than one day as it will interrupt the normal schedule. Hence these days which only have reserve limited crew are much more susceptible to delays for the next coming day as the pilot may not be where they are normally rostered. Flight crew using wide body jets are paid significantly more than narrow body jet due to the long haul nature. Because of this long haul there is less availability to fly more routes and hence the crew wage is a multiple. The flight crew is also paid by block hours rather than duty hours and once again if crew is to stay overnight the current wage already includes a multiple that takes this into consideration. Accommodation is provided for flight and cabin crew at the airlines expense. Cabin crew will be rostered separately to the flight crew due to their own set of regulation circumstances which is not included in this report.

Peter The Great :: essays research papers fc

PETER THE GREAT THE REVOLUTIONARY CZAR OF RUSSIA Peter the First of Russia (more commonly known as Peter the Great) was born the son of Alexis Michailovich Romanov and Natalia Cyrilovna Narishkina on June 9, 1672 in Moscow, Russia (2:242-243). Alexis was overjoyed, and a great gingerbread cake with the double eagle was made, cannons were fired, and bells rang all over the land (4:89). But at his birth, it was not known that he would be the future czar of Russia. It was not until later on, when the czar Alexis died in 1676 at the age of 47, leaving his son Feodor (son of his first wife, Maria Miloslavsky) the heir to the throne (4:89). Feodor was slightly retarded, and therefore very fragile. Bitter rivalries went up for 6 years between the widow and ex-wife of Alexis, until Feodor died of natural causes in 1682 (4:89). It was then that a truce was made that Peter and his half-brother Ivan (also son of Maria), who was also slightly retarded, would be joint czars (4:89). He spent most of his young childhood life in the Kremlin, which he grew to hate, due to the dusky rooms, the labyrinthine corridors, and the bloody memories of terror and danger (4:89). When Peter was 10 years old, the palace guards revolted, and brutally murdered the supporters of his mother. Peter witnessed the brutal murders of Artemon Mateev, and Natalia ¹s brother on the lawn of the Kremlin. It was then that Peter, his two small sisters, and his mother withdrew to the countryhouse of Czar Alexis in the village of Preobrazhenskoe outside Moscow. They returned to the Kremlin infrequently, where Peter and Ivan sat on their double throne, flanked by 12 giant guards with battle-axes. Warily Peter listened as his clever and relentlessly ambitious older half-sister Sophia (also daughter of Maria), acting as regent, whispered instructions to him through the curtain (4:90). In the country, Peter was allowed to roam the fields and streets with the peasant boys, who were his close friends, playing soldier, and building forts on his home grounds. By the age of 12, he had learned masonry, shooting, hunting, and other games (4:90). Children from neighboring countryside’s heard of these games and soon came from Moscow with their servants to play with the young Czar. One of Peter ¹s friends brought out a young fellow named Alexander Menshikov, whom, legend says, he had met selling meat pies in Red Square.

Evolution :: essays research papers

Evolution is a force than nothing can escape. Communities evolve constantly and although there is no standard of where a society should be at any given moment, communities evolve individually. Then in reaction to a developing community, people grow and change. Then in reaction to people evolving the tools that people use develop. This constant evolving usually happens so gradually and slowly that it is hard to detect. As we look back we can see the evolution is a major component of our lives. By focusing mainly on what a person needs to be an active member of society in the New England area we can see exactly how evolution takes its toll on us. Comfort, necessity and luxury are a constantly changing aspect of our society.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we look deeper into the constant changing of what a person needs to be an active member of a community we notice the continuos alteration of what exactly defines a comfort a necessity and a luxury. Comfort by definition is a condition of pleasu rable ease or well being. By that definition there are endless numbers of object that could serve as a comfort. Take public transportation for example. The thought of having the train that takes us into the city is a commonly know option. Not always have people been able to choose public transportation as a method of getting to and from. Dating as far back as 1889 when the first method of public transportation was developed in Massachusetts. Before this the thought of having a bus or train run to the main areas of a community was absolutely unheard of. But in today’s society there are many people who depend of the train or bus to get to work or to school or wherever it is they are going. When exactly did public transportation change from a luxury to a comfortable part of society? We can not exactly put a date on it but as you look back in time with me we can see how slowly and unnoticeably a societies way of life can change. In conclusion a comfort to us now was at one point and time a luxury to the communities who discovered the amazing attributions that have so nicely shaped our society today.Secondly we can take this observation a little closer to today. If we look at the definition of necessity we find that it means pressing or urgent need.

Cisco Systems: New Millenium †New acquisition strategy Essay

The case deals with the acquisition policy implemented by Cisco, by giving some real samples. The most interesting point concerns the way Cisco acquired companies during 90s with 4 main goals: a shared vision, shareholders’ satisfaction, motivating value added for employees, shareholders, customers and partners and a perfect â€Å"chemistry† (P.9). Contrary to the global trend of big companies’ acquisition, Cisco was involved in smaller companies, based on selection criteria (presented below) which fit the company’s needs and strategy: * Small companies: the advantage is that those companies are start-ups coming with new disruptive Ideas highly complementary with Cisco’s businesses. * Limited number of employees (but engineers as the large part of them): Cisco gives a huge importance to skilled people, because as they say, those people are the real asset which permits to increase future market shares, So people retention becomes one of acquisitions’ main goals (success driven by a very low turnover compared with the industry). * Very entrepreneurial systems focused on fast growing: the need to grow by forming part of Cisco is one of the motivating arguments to have win-win negotiations. On the other hand, this kind of companies is not risk adverse and promises future benefits to their owners. * Geographical proximity: for large acquisitions, it permits to shorten lost time and get directly to the real acquisition’s implementation in order to share the distribution channels (cost reduction) and obtain the new product earlier. * Comparable cultures and visions: since acquisition leads to the integration of the acquired company to the group, it is necessary to have the same vision of the future strategy and cultures which can be merged to obtain a coherent unit. Last, the company’s strength resides in its ability to decentralize decision making by creating a new business unit at each acquisition, because the acquired company is considered as a master in its domain. This system permits to make acquired company feel independent in the way it is managed (less change management to be processed). Cisco represents a benchmark as acquirer for the entrepreneurial firms which aim to be acquired because it proposes several advantages in terms of independency, people treatment, product valorization and so on, which form part of the most important criteria for acquisition. Moreover, in the last decade, it increased its attractiveness based on the personalized treatment provided to the new joiners and the restructuration by type of technology which makes economies of scale and allows people to share their knowledge with their previous â€Å"internal competitors† and increase their skills. So, in terms of win-win relationship, Cisco acquisition model can be a basis of comparison for any potential acquired company.

The Struggle for Power in “The Yellow Wallpaper, ” “Daddy, ” and “Editha”

Ameri arse Literature 9 shew 2013 The Struggle for Power in The chickenhearted wall idea, Daddy, and Editha Charlotte Perkins Gil existences alternate, The yellow(a) paper (written in 1890, publish in 1892), is a semi-autobiographical piece that, although believed to be a result of her grueling postpartum depression, illustrates the difficulties faced by women during the Womens discoverment. These difficulties are further illustrated by the similarly semi-autobiographical poem, based on Plaths fuss and save, Daddy by Sylvia Plath (written in 1962, print in 1965).These grammatical sex roles are whence reversed in Editha, (written in 1898, published in 1905) which has been said to be William doyen Howellss response to the Spanish-American War. The jaundiced Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Daddy by Sylvia Plath and Editha by William Dean Howells all illustrate the fight in gender roles during the Womens Movement in 19th and 20th Centuries. From the starting si gnal, the bank clerk in Gilmans The sensationalistic Wallpaper accords men, especially her husband, throne, to be shining to her.As a physician, he orders her to stay in bed and discontinue anything stimulating, such as macrocosm imaginative or writing. Though she emotional states go when she writes, and tinctures it may be beneficial, she does non enunciate against John save writes in esoteric Personally I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me dangerous. But what is one to do? By asking the end question, she essentially states that she is non her husbands equal and has no choice just to referen, and is accepting of this.She rase abide bys Johns orders even when he is not present to enforce them John says the genuinely worst thing I can do is to think most my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. So I lead let it alone and talk ab fall out the house. This reply can be c ompared to what many commonwealth experience today with doctors. Although great deal comm sole(prenominal) know what will make themselves feel better, they will most often follow the advice of a doctor instead, simply because physicians are figures of authority. The vote counter knows that writing and socializing would stomach by and clearly wants to rec all over rom her illness, entirely she allows her husband and brother, who is excessively a prize physician, to control her interposition. The char charwomans description of the wallpaper is exemplary of the evolution of her illness. The wallpaper, upon first introduction and description, fully illustrates how the woman regards her illness It is dull passable to confuse the eye in following, enunciate enough to constantly irritate and waken study, and when you follow the spirited uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly move over suicide-plunge sour at outrageous angles, subvert themselves in unheard of contradictions. As Paula A. Triechler states in her paper, Escaping the Sentence Diagnosis and Discourse in The Yellow Wallpaper, Like all good metaphors, the yellow wallpaper is variously understand by readers to represent (among other things) the conventionality which underlies sexual inequality, the external manifestation of neurasthenia, the narrators unconscious(p), the narrators space at heart patriarchy (3). This portrays not only how the woman feels about herself and her illness, but also the effect of her husbands orders.The lame uncertain curves are likely a reference to her husbands treatment orders, and suicide could very well be the result if followed. The unheard of contradictions express the defectiveness of Johns methods. At one point she describes his contradictions he says no one but myself can help me out of it, that I moldiness use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies fade away with me, stock-still, he does not allow her to do as she wills. She describes writing as a succour, but because John has instructed her to check up on writing, she lets her imagination run with the lines of the wallpaper.The to a greater extent she allows her musical theme to wander, the more confident she be mystifys, which is reflective in her description of the woman in the wallpaper. The sign description of this woman is of her stooping raven and creeping about. The woman in the wallpaper is a direct reflection of the narrators self-assertion and feelings of inferiority, and the change they undergo. Initially, the woman in the wall symbolizes the narrators fear of presenting herself and her opinions, and world her husbands equal. She begins to display a twist confidence in herself, and an almost amused expression of Johns orders.When John tells her that she seems to be doing well, in wound of the wallpaper, she has to stop herself from openly laughing. It is at this point, where she is building confidence in herself, that she begins to see the woman in the wallpaper more clearly. She states, I think that woman gets out in the daytime And Ill tell you wherefore privately Ive seen her symbolizing her confidence beginning to emerge. Finally, she allows herself to be fully confident she allows her sagaciousness to fully explore the wallpaper. The lines, then I peeled off all the paper I could reach standing on the floor.It sticks horribly and the pattern just enjoys it, symbolizes the dying of that which limits her. One may argue that she has had a psychotic break, but the intention of these lines is to signal the narrator gaining confidence. As Gilman says herself in an oblige submitted to the October 1913 issue of The Forerunner regarding her treatment then, utilize the remnants of intelligence that remained I cast the say specialists advice to the winds and went to work againwork in which is joy and growth and service, without which one is a pauper and a parasiteultimately convalescent som e measure of power. This is the same subject matter as the last lines of the news report Ive got out at last, she says to John, in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pushed off most of the paper so you cant redact me rear meaning she can no longer be told what she must do and she is now in control, creeping over the fainted John. Similarly, Sylvia Plath illustrates the path she took to break free, from the memory of her breed, in her poem Daddy. Plat compares the parturiency her fusss memory has created to a shoe, that for 30 years, she was trapped in, too scared to dare to breathe or Achoo. Throughout the poem, Plath uses similes and metaphors to take in a dramatic view on the relationship between herself and her father. Plath aligns gypsies and Jewish people with the fe manful figure, and she aligns German Nazis with both male figures, she employs these comparisons to draw women as victims and men as persecutors. Plath continues this description of confinement by reflection she is a Jew in Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen. She continually describes her father as disgraceful, and even tells her father You stand at the blackboard, daddy, In the picture I have of you,A cleft in your get up instead of your foot But no less a devil for that, no not Any less the black man who Bit my pretty red heart in deuce. She resents her father for abandoning her, yet she still feels bound to his memory, so a lot so that after burying him at the age of ten, she try suicide at twenty trying to get back, back, back to him (Daddy 59). Plath further illustrate this confinement to his memory by explain she unify a man who, essentially, was her father but after 7, metaphorically, killed her husband thus unloose her of the memories of her father. As Guinevara A.Nance and Judith P. Jones explain in On Daddy, Plath accomplishes, through with(predicate) the use of relative chronological sequencing of childhood memories, and on through the attempted suicide to the point at 30 whe n the woman tries to extricate herself from her image of daddy, is a dramatization of the process of psychic refinement in the speaker (par. 3). While The Yellow Wallpaper and Daddy are stories illustrating women respite free, Editha, by William Dean Howells, is a story of a woman who desires to overpower her tailor-made and by doing so pushes him into war.Editha wants a hoagie in William Dean Howellss Editha and will not stop short of persuading her bespoke to go off to war to achieve this dream. In this short story gender differences are at play, but in reverse Editha feels a patriotic trading to her country even if that means dismission off to war, while George sees war as absurd. In addition, as Philip Furia from the University of Minnesota states in Editha The Feminine View, Edithas idealistic brainpower set is tainted by her unconscious desire to disarm her lover (279).This unconscious desire is illustrated by her excitement in regards to the war, the possibility of Ge orge being maimed and her stamp that he will be meliorate(a) if he enlists. Upon hearing of the war resolution Editha immediately thinks of George and how historied it would be if he were a war hero. She feels it is a mans patriotic duty to fare his country, in war however, she hardly perceives the give way of enlisting, in most cases that sacrifice being the enlisteds life. Editha is focused on a picture of perfection and how she will egress to others as the woman betrothed to a heroic solider.She believes he would be perfect and worthy of her love if he enlists. Georges feelings about war are softened opposite and he voices this when he asks is it glorious to break the peace of the world? (Editha par. 9). He clearly finds war to be inessential but this belief vanishes after he goes drinking with friends. He then returns to Edithas house, drunk, to boast about enlisting and his surname of Captain. Editha is delighted with his enlistment, even after George tells her of h is father, who garbled an arm in the Civil War.This story, instead of scaring her as George intends, thrills Editha she becomes fascination with the idea of George needing her two arms, which would give her transcendency (Furia 280). Edithas immersion with overpowering George is evident in her reaction to him, drunkenly, recounting enlisting after which he kisses her in a manner very unlike him, that made her feel as if she had at sea her old lover and give a stranger in his place, she finds that within her wilfulness she has been frightened by a sense of subtler force in him sic (Editha para. 4). subsequently George has announced his enlistment, Editha is delighted with his near-perfection, but this near-perfection is lost when Georges name is on the list of those killed. She reels not only from grief but from disbelief because her idealistic picture did not include this and, for that reason, she cannot grasp how it could possibly be. Editha goes to higgle Mrs. Gearson, as G eorge had asked before deploying, it is then that Editha cries however, Editha cries with relief because she feels in Mrs.Gearsons accusation, that girls and women think the soldiers will come marching back, somehow, just as lively as they went, or if its an empty sleeve, or even an empty pantaloon, its all the more glory, and theyre so much the prouder of them, poor things she has been mum (Editha par. 118). These three pieces delve into the theme of gender inequality which, during the time these pieces were written, was being questioned and changed through the Womens Movement.These pieces provide three antithetic views of gender conflict wife versus the superior husband in The Yellow Wallpaper, daughter versus father and later wife versus husband in Daddy, and man versus the woman who desires superiority in Editha. Works Cited Daddy by Sylvia Plath. Internal. org Poets. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. Editha. William Dean Howellss Short Story. Readbookonline. net, n. d. We b. 2 Mar. 2013. Furia, Philip. Editha The Feminine View. American Literary Realism, 1870-1910 12. 2 (1979) 278-282. JSTOR. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. Gilman, Charlotte P. Gilman, Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper. The Department of History. The College of Staten Island/CUNY, 08 June 1999. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. Nance, Guinevara A. , and Judith P. Jones. On Daddy ultramodern American Poetry. University of Illinois English Department, n. d. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Electronic text edition Center. University of Virginia Library, n. d. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. Treichler, Paula A. Escaping the Sentence Diagnosis and Discourse in The Yellow WallpaperTulsa Studies in Womens Literature. 3. 1/2 (1984) 61-77. JSTOR. Web. 01 Feb. 2013.