Exposing Colonialism and Imperialism in Joseph Conrad’s...

The Evil of Colonialism Exposed in Heart of Darkness Marlow was an average European man with average European beliefs. Like most Europeans of his time, Marlow believed in colonialism; that is, until he met Kurtz. Kurtz forces Marlow to rethink his current beliefs after Marlow learns the effects of colonialism deep in the African Congo. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow learns that he has lived his entire life believing in a sugar-coated evil. Marlows understanding of Kurtzs experiences show him the effects colonialism can have on a mans soul. In Europe, colonialism was emphasized as a great and noble cause. It was seen as, the white mans mission to help civilize and improve a savage†¦show more content†¦He says the Romans were conquers and not colonialists, and explains that what saves the colonialist is the devotion to efficiency and the unselfish belief in the idea(Conrad 65-66). Yet throughout the novel Marlows experiences show how colonialism was just that, the robbing of Africa for ivory and profit by Europeans. He says there was no improvement in Africa like the Europeans claimed, unless the body of a middle-aged negro, with a bullet hole in the forehead...may be considered improvement (Conrad 81). I think Marlow feels this is what colonialism really brought to Africa. Some Europeans may have genuinely believed in the idea of colonialism as being noble, but this belief in the idea cannot save the horrible actions of colonialism or make them acceptable. Also during this time, around the 1800s, exploration was seen as a wonderful adventure and the period of mapping out the world was under way. Europeans saw Africa as a black place on the map waiting to be discovered. When Marlow was young [he] had a passion for maps. [He] would look for hours at South America, or Africa, or Australia and lose [him-self] in all the glories of exploration (Conrad 66). Marlow now says, The glamours off(Conrad 67). IShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of The African Landscape10552 Words   |  43 PagesThe Landscape: In this section, I seek to investigate how the nature of the African landscape has been depicted in Heart of Darkness. Questions such as 1.) How the Orientalist others the foreign landscape 2.) What is the psychological influence of the African landscape on the European colonisers? 3.) Does the psychological influenceon the Whites similar to that of the Blacks? 4.) And, what are the consequences of that psychological influence on the White invaders and the natives? These argumentsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslight cigarettes sold by the British American Tobacco Company and lamps filled with Standard Oil kerosene so that they could see more clearly while using their Singer sewing machines. The Indian countryside was also decisively transformed by colonialism and integration into global markets—albeit with policies that at times made Indians less mobile rather than more so. But the 30 †¢ CHAPTER 1 holistic relations of migration, goods, and money that characterized the Atlantic system were

Cognitive Dissonance And The Mandela Effect - 1508 Words

Have you ever believed or remembered something happening a certain way, but it turns out to be different than the what you thought? That is where the â€Å"Mandela Effect† comes in. The Mandela Effect was first coined the term in 2010 by paranormal consultant and blogger, Fiona Broome. She came up with the term after she along with many other people at a convention believed that South African President, Nelson Mandela had died while in prison in the 1980’s. However, he was the President of South Africa from 1994-1999 and died in 2013. Many people across the world were shocked to find out of his death in 2013, because they, just like Fiona and those at the convention, thought he had died in prison. The Mandela Effect then became a term for when†¦show more content†¦These lessons were shared through hundreds of picture books and television shows. The issue however, is they are not the Berenstein Bears. They are the Berenstain Bears. A very large amount of people according to vice.com, sincerely believe that the name is BerenstEin Bears and instead of accepting that they have just misremembered, believe in multiple theories of why it has changed to Berenstain. Many theories as to why it is â€Å"now† spelled Berenstain have been created as a result of the denial. Woodbetween.world blogger, â€Å"Reese† gave an explanation as that stood out to me. He stated that some of us have crossed over from a parallel universe and are living in it. He stated that there is at least, one universe parallel to ours. He tells the two apart by calling one the â€Å"E† universe for Berenstein and the other the the â€Å"A† universe for Berenstain. He believes that the â€Å"E† universe was the world we lived in during the 1990’s and that some amount of time after, we ceased the reading of children’s books. The time we stopped reading is when we â€Å"crossed over† to the â€Å"A† universe. 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Hotel & Hospitality Management

Questions: Analyse how food and beverage outlets can use tools such as Five forces analysis and the VRIO concept to ensure the y meet their strategic objectives. Define these concepts from a food and beverage perspective In your answer discuss the competitive nature of the Sydney food and beverage industry Provide examples of bars and restaurants that exemplify these concepts Evaluate how food and beverage outlets use menu engineering to maximise profit. Answers: Introduction The report discusses the effectiveness of different strategic tools such as Portes Five Forces and VIRO in food and beverage industry. It is evident that food and beverage industry have turned out to e a large business market in the recent time. With innovative marketing strategies, the investors are leaving no stone unturned to meet the demands and needs of customers. The organizations in the food and beverage industry are in the rush of developing their marketing strategies to cater to the needs of customers. Thus, the report uses different strategies tools such as Porters five forces analysis and VRIO. The report starts with an overview of these tools from food and beverage perspectives. Defining the concepts from a food and beverage perspective Micheal Porter developed a framework by which the competitive advantages of the organization in food and beverage industry can be evaluated in the market in which they run their business. This particular framework deals with an analysis of different forces that influence the ability of the business to compete in the market. Considering the scenario of the global market in which the bars and restaurants such as Bulletin Place and Lobo Plantation run their operation the concept of Porters five forces analysis is applied. Figure 1: Porters Five Forces analysis (Source: Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012) Threats of New Entrants- The old bar and restaurants such as Bulletin Place and Dead Ringer in Sydney, in spite of providing long term services to people, have to deal with some coming external threats. As the country has stable economy, traders building a small firm could access the market quite easily. The threats can be domestic or international; it exists due to the nature of the industry. Thus, it is observed the entry barriers in Australian food and beverage industry is comparatively high. According to the current operation of Bulletin Place in Sydney, it can be mentioned that newcomers may have to face some external issues as Bulletin Palace gained a huge popularity due to its services of years. In addition, the existing organizations in food and beverage industry are running their operation for decades. Thus, the new entrants may find it difficult to challenge the market of those organizations through pricing or products. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The bargaining power of supplier in food and beverage industry in Australia is comparatively high as the country is economically developed. The competition is Australian food, and beverage industry is comparatively high; thus, the suppliers have multiple options to produce raw materials. Bargaining power of Consumers: The bargaining power of customers of the organizations food and beverage industry in Australia is high. This happens because some large organizations are running their business for a long time providing a high quality of similar products. Thus, the customers have an alternative to carrying the bargaining power. In this context, Gupta Malik (2012) added that if a particular product is launched in a particular market where the customers do not like the taste; thus they do not buy the product. However, in the developed countries like Australia, the consumer base is quality sensitive. This increases the bargaining power of the customers. If the small organization such as De Bortoli Wines wants to penetrate the market, they will have to focus on developing the quality of the products. Threats of substitutes: The threats of substitutes for the companies in food and beverage industry are comparatively high. The industry has multiple organizations that are providing either small or large substitutes products. For this particular reason, the small organization such as De Bortoli Wines has to assure that they offer a product that is not limited and demanded by the customers. Competitive rivalry: As mentioned by Gellynck et al., (2012), the industry rivalry for the organizations in food and beverage industry in Australia is high. The large organization like Lobo Plantation is considered as the dominant of food and beverage industry of Australia. Thus, there is a high level of competition among these organizations. Moreover, the needs and demand of customers in food and beverage industry are changing with time. VRIO Analysis This particular analysis helps to analyze the internal resources and capabilities of the organization in food and beverage industry. This also helps to compare organizations competitive advantages as well as disadvantages relative each other. Resources and Capabilities Value Rarity Imitability Organization Distribution YES (Bulletin Place) YES NO YES YES (Lobo Plantation) YES NO YES Value: The organizations in food and beverage industry pay more attention to its distribution on the fountain market with restaurants and other fast food firms. Whereas the retail distribution of the products is significant, there is a larger range for fountain sales. As mentioned by Horbach, Rammer Rennings (2012), distribution through the channels of the global market has turned out to be valuable in maximizing the distribution network of the organizations. The distribution network of the bar Bulletin Palace could be different from the channel of Lobo Plantation. In addition, with the number of soft drink, alcoholic items and other fast food, the popular restaurant like Lobo Plantation attracts the people. As a result, the number of visits of customers increases. The frequent visits of customers help Lobo Plantation to extend the operation network increasingly. This expansion has helped the organization to control over a large market share in food and beverage market. Rarity: The analysis indicates that the capacity of distribution network of the restaurant like Lobo Plantation is poor as the firm frequently delivers its products to a number of buyers globally. On the contrary, the large restaurant like Bulletin Palace has also produced a large number of beverage items including the fruit juice to soft drink items. The organization has gained the competitive advantages by implementing a straightforward and effective channel design. In this context, Hacklin Wallnfer (2012) added that the significant business relationship for such large demanding distributions of products is mere to acquire. In this context, the restaurant Bulletin Place has adequately maintained its relation. Imitability: As stated by Hazen, Hall Hanna (2012), the push and pull distribution approach of the bar and restaurants can be limited to its basic fundamental essence; however, the capacity of the network is unique. Conversely, it is also identified that to increase the distribution network, Bulletin Palace made a big investment. For example, the firm has set up a new bar namely Dead Ringer. The small firms in food and beverage industry in Australia could apply this particular strategy to maximize the distribution network. Organization: The restaurant like Bulletin Palace gained the ability of exploiting their distribution by entering into a new market. The organization has established Dead Ringer to increase the market share and gain significant control over the market. For example, the country Mexico lacks proper alcoholic products. The organization could realize this fact and largely distribute and advertise in Mexico. As mentioned by Rossi, Vrontis Thrassou (2012), producing alcoholic products in Mexico, the organization could provide the opportunity to people in Mexico to satisfy their needs. Conversely, the restaurant like Lobo Plantation utilizes the distribution channel through the collaboration with large firms in the same industry. This relationship could help the small bars to tie its products and services with other industries as well as distribute the products efficiently (Pauwels et al., 2012). From the above mentioned discussion on the strategic tools such as Porters Five analysis and VRIO analysis helps to understand that organizations in food and beverage industry are dealing with the marketing challenges and gaining profits from the competitive market. The economically developed country such as Australia provides multiple business opportunities to the organization to implement different strategic tools. Discussing the competitive nature of the Sydney food and beverage industry The food and beverage industry in Sydney has experienced a significant pressure on its operation from the series of drivers. These drivers may include continued stability in the larger economic environment, strong Australian currency, and competitive scenario of food and beverage sector as well as increased cost of building a business in Australia than other developed countries (Hair et al., 2012). The economic rank of Australia is on the top as one of the largest growth economies among the developed countries across the world. Conversely, it is also observed that the food and beverage sector of Australia did not experience the growth as expected similar to other economically developed countries. As mentioned by (Priem, Li Carr, (2012), a combination of lower investment as well as the fiscal restaurants could like impact on producing goods on the domestic front, whereas the cost pressures currently have minimized the manufacturing sectors capacity to deal with the competition. Australia is considered as the big food and beverage producer. The organizations in food and beverage industry in Australia tend to import some products from a neighbouring country such as New Zealand. The large city such as Sydney presently has major concerns regarding the population, health, nature foods and meal solutions. As mentioned by Steg et al., (2012), the increasing private label sector in Sydneys retail is another lucrative opportunity for the exporters of other cities. It is observed that the global beverage industry was predicted to increase from $1.58 trillion in 2009 to nearly $1.78 trillion in 2014 (Keupp, Palmi Gassmann, 2012). On the contrary, Teece, (2012) mentioned that retail sector in Sydney is fragmented. The leading players of the wine sector, Accolade Wines and Treasury Wine Estate have 45% of all branded wine sales. Some large organizations such as Bulletin Place has its range of alcoholic products and it is controlling 60% of the liquor market. However, t here have been certain growth drivers that influence the food and beverage industry. For instance, due to the increasing forces of discount market chain, the large restaurant like Lobo Plantation has become concerned with stepping up their individual products. It is observed that the organization currently accounts for the single quarter of the food and beverage market. Also, it is also identified that there is an increasing demand for food and beverage in Sydney with 40% growth in the production as well as consumption of beverage products in last few years. As stated by Dezs Ross (2012), the annual growth in last few years in demand of between 10% to 30%. Furthermore, it is also identified that the food and beverage sector offer some opportunities with more people having food; however, demanding a high quality of products such as snacks and alcoholic items. As mentioned by Jiang et al. (2012), the Australian food and beverage sector would have experienced an annual growth rate of 6.6% from 2009 to 2014. Besides, there have been some marketing trends that are observed in food and beverage sector in Sydney. It is researched that New Zealand is one of the largest supplier of processed food as well as beverage products to Sydneys market. According to the records published in 2014 almost 18%, the overall imported goods come from 2010 (Gupta Malik, 201 2). Examples of bars and restaurants that exemplify these concepts There are a number of bars and restaurants in Australia that have observed a significant growth in food and beverage industry. One of the largest organizations is Coca-Cola Amatil Limited that has implemented the strategic tools such as porters five forces tool. In the implementation of competitive forces, it is observed that the force of traditional competitors is high as there are multiple types of competitors providing same products and services. For example, it can be added that PEPSI and Coca-Cola Amatil Limited, these two organizations provide almost the similar products and have a same pricing structure for the products. In this context, Horbach, Rammer Rennings (2012) commented that the force of traditional competitors could be high if the market contains several competitors with similar products and pricing strategies. Thus, to compete against the giants like PEPSI and CCA, the other organizations may have to implement advanced marketing strategy, as these giants do not hol d shares. Likewise, Coca-Cola Amatil has been running its operation for decades; thus, the level of entry is high. The new entrants may require high expenses. In this context, Dobbs (2014) added that forces of getting into a new market will be low when there are similar products and services like CCA and PEPSI has. On the contrary, the food and beverage industry has many substitute products that could pose serious threats to Coco-Cola Amatil (Hacklin Wallnfer, 2012). The customers may buy coffee, tea, juice and other beverage products that cost minimal difference in the price. Similarly, the bargaining power of customers is comparatively high as there other alternatives to the buyers such as PEPSI. The customers also have the power to bargain with the suppliers by offering cash. As mentioned by Dobbs (2014), the customers always prefer the most cost effective technique to increase their profits. Therefore, it can be mentioned that strategic tools such as Porters Five Forces analysis are effective to understand the current position of the organizations in food and beverage industry in Australia. The outcome of the analysis helps the organizations to implement marketing strategies such as product diversification, differentiation. The strategic objective of the organization in this industry is to develop the quality products, maximize sales and increase market share. Thereby, conducting a VRIO or Porters Five forces analysis, the organizations could learn about both existing as well as the new market, where they currently run the operation and will be running in future. Evaluating how food and beverage outlets use menu engineering to increase profit The restaurant operators should know the importance of keeping their food price in line. This is because food and beverage costs are combined with the wages of people as well as payroll expenses. As mentioned by Horbach, Rammer Rennings (2012), the food and beverage price covers 60-70% of the revenue. Menu engineering: The organizations in food and beverage industry currently are using the menu engineering tool control over the profits. The managers of the organizations acquire the information about menu items profitability with the help of menu engineering tools. As mentioned by Hacklin Wallnfer (2012), proactive planning, recipe design, as well as consumer pricing design, can be prepared by menu engineering tools. It is observed that menu engineering tools are not considered as the substitute for proper buying, food rotation and standard recipes. Further, it is also identified that a well-executed initial menu engineering effort could take the time to maximize restaurants profits by 15- 20% on an ongoing basis. It is also observed profit impact does not stop here. There are some particular ways based on which the organizations earn profits. The menu engineering process may include the techniques of costing the menu, categorizing the menu items, designing the item as well as testing the design menu. Cost a menu refers to the technique of breaking down each item on the menu to individual ingredients and calculate the exact cost to create each of the items as the engineering techniques largely depends on the profitability level of each product in the menu. The next phase of engineering menu used by the organizations to increase profits comes with the technique of categorizing menu items. Hence, the marketers tend to split the menu into different categories and section. Here, the category refers to the way the menu is divided at the largest level. The last phase comes with the technique of designing the menu. Hence, the part of the designing the techniques highlight the items that the outlets mostly want to sell. However, this technique can be acc omplished with a simple checklist. While designing the menu, it is necessary for the outlets to pay attention to consider the customer base. Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be mentioned that strategic tools like Porters Five Forces analysis, VRIO analysis, and menu engineering play a major role in meeting the strategic objectives and maximizing profits. The current report discusses the effectiveness of each tool and its application in business. Lastly, it can be added that Porters Five Forces analysis helps the organization to learn about the current and future scenario of food and beverage industry. References Dezs, C. L., Ross, D. G. (2012). Does female representation in top management improve firm performance? A panel data investigation.Strategic Management Journal,33(9), 1072-1089. Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. Gellynck, X., Banterle, A., Khne, B., Carraresi, L., Stranieri, S. (2012). Market orientation and marketing management of traditional food producers in the EU.British Food Journal,114(4), 481-499. Gupta, R., Malik, P. (2012). FDI in Indian retail sector: analysis of competition in agri-food sector.Internship Project Report, Competition Commission of India. Hacklin, F., Wallnfer, M. (2012). The business model in the practice of strategic decision making: insights from a case study.Management Decision,50(2), 166-188. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M., Ringle, C. M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications.Long range planning,45(5), 320-340. Hazen, B. T., Hall, D. J., Hanna, J. B. (2012). Reverse logistics disposition decision-making: developing a decision framework via content analysis.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,42(3), 244-274. Hitt, M., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Horbach, J., Rammer, C., Rennings, K. (2012). Determinants of eco-innovations by type of environmental impactThe role of regulatory push/pull, technology push and market pull.Ecological economics,78, 112-122. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), 1264-1294. Keupp, M. M., Palmi, M., Gassmann, O. (2012). The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), 367-390. Pauwels, R. A., Buist, A. S., Calverley, P. M., Jenkins, C. R., Hurd, S. S. (2012). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. Priem, R. L., Li, S., Carr, J. C. (2012). Insights and new directions from demand-side approaches to technology innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management research.Journal of management,38(1), 346-374. Rossi, M., Vrontis, D., Thrassou, A. (2012). Wine business in a changing competitive environmentstrategic and financial choices of Campania wine firms.International Journal of Business and Globalisation,8(1), 112-130. Steg, P. G., James, S. K., Atar, D., Badano, L. P., Lundqvist, C. B., Borger, M. A., ... Gershlick, A. H. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation.European heart journal, ehs215. Teece, D. J. (2012). Dynamic capabilities: Routines versus entrepreneurial action.Journal of Management Studies,49(8), 1395-1401.

Relationship Between Organisational Structure and Culture Report

Question : (1) LO 1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Write a report on the importance of organisational structure and culture for the optimisation of organisational performance. Please include sections on the following in your report: a) Consider Atlantic Airway organisational structure and culture compare and contrast with its competitor structures and cultures (AC 1.1). b) Explain the relationship between Atlantic Airway organisations structure and culture and demonstrate the impact of these elements on the performance of the Atlantic Airway (AC 1.2). c) Discuss the factors internal or external which influence individual behaviour at Atlantic Airway working life, analyse through given examples (AC 1.3). Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. (2) LO 2 Understand different approaches to management and leadership Different leadership theories affect behaviour and motivation and are therefore useful tools for managers; evaluate their impact: a) Discuss the effectiveness of different type of leadership styles through compare the Atlantic Airway with competitors (AC 2.1). b) Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management in the Atlantic Airway (AC 2.2). c) Evaluate various management approaches through analyse the Atlantic Airway (AC 2.3). (3) LO 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Motivational theories are used in different ways in different organisations. Discuss their use in a report, giving examples: a) Discuss the impact the leadership styles impacts on motivation approach of Airway in periods of change (AC 3.1). b) Discus the different motivational theories on the Airway business operation and culture relation with its environment and support your discussion with some examples within other company (AC 3.2) c) Evaluate the applicability and usefulness of a motivation theory for manager of Atlantic Airway (AC 3.3). (4) LO4 Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. You have been asked to prepare a PowerPoint presentation as part of the recruitment process on understanding mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. a) Explain the structure of team and group behaviour Atlantic Airway (AC 4.1). b) Discuss factors (including internal or external) that may encourage or slow down the development of effective teamwork in Atlantic Airway (AC 4.2). c) Evaluate the impact of technology from various perspective on team working within the Atlantic Airway (AC 4.3). Answer : Introduction Organisational behaviour is the study of behaviour of groups and individuals within an organisation (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). It is concerned with the way overall performance and activities within an organisation are affected by human behaviour within a work environment. This assignment conducts an in-depth analysis of how organisational behaviour of Virgin Atlantic Airways affects its organisational structure, culture, leadership and overall performance. Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited founded in year 1984 is a British airline with its trading name as Virgin Atlantic and its head office in Crawley, West Sussex, England (Virgin Atlantic, 2015). It has more than 9,580 employees and in terms of passenger volume it is the seventh-largest airline of UK. Virgin Atlantic Airways has always faced British Airlines as one of its primary competitor in UK airlines industry. (1) LO 1 analysing the relationship between organisational structure and culture 1.1 Comparison between organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways with that of British Airways Organisational Structure The term organisational structure refers to the structural framework that determines hierarchical pattern within an organisation (Chambley, 2013). It defines the ways task allocation, coordination and other activities like supervision are carried out in order to achieve desired organisational goals. There are three main types of organisational structure namely; functional structure wherein organisations develop specific functional areas or departments on the basis of skills and specialisation and group their employees into specified functional areas (Baligh, 2006). This structure is comparatively easier to manage and control thus helps improving overall efficiency. However they fail if organisations lack effective communication within these functional areas. Divisional Structure wherein organisations create divisions on the basis of geography, product and services or market (Kortmann, 2012). All divisions run independently and are treated as separate entity. Thus failure of one divis ion has no impact on others however it results in duplication of functions. Matrix Structure which comprises of more than one reporting lines (Baligh, 2006). It allows managers to focus on specialisation however result in unnecessary conflicts. Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways are the two leading Companies of UK airline industry (Topham, 2014). They both operate globally and have a massive structure. Virgin Atlantic Airways have a functional structure wherein it has grouped its employees into different functional areas according to their skills and specialisation. They are a small organisation as compared to British Airways thus have developed a structure that is easy to manage and control. They are cost conscious thus prefer a dynamic structure that can be adapted to changing business needs. British Airways on the contrary has a formalised structure and is run by prcised rules and procedures. It has a somewhat divisional structure with reduced management layers between top executives and front liners. This structure helps British Airways in operating a massive organisation with wide global presence and ensuring that performance of each division is evaluated effectively. Organisational Culture The term organisational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs and norms of an organisation that help shaping the behavioural pattern of its employees (Schein, 2010). The main types of organisational culture are; power culture, task culture, role culture, people culture, entrepreneurial culture and bureaucratic culture (Pfister, 2009). There is a difference between the organisational culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways owing to the difference in their size and global operations. British Airways has a massive size and a comparatively wider global reach thus is run by strict rules and procedures. In order to retain its market position British Airways prefer to have a culture which displays characteristics of both role and task culture. It gives its employee enough opportunities to expand their learning and grow in other areas of specialisation as well. Virgin Atlantic Airways on the other hand has a culture which displays characteristics of both people and entr epreneurial culture. People are the heart of the organisation who is greatly concerned about their growth and development. It encourages its employees to realise their full potential and develop innovative ideas. 1.2 Relationship between organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways and how it affects the companys overall performance Organizational structure and culture of an organisational is greatly inter-related and help determining its the overall performance (Mullins, 2011). Structure of an organisation determines its culture which in turn inspires people to follow its structure (Murray, et al., 2006). It is essential to ensure that structure and culture of an organisation is selected in a way that it helps attaining overall performance objective. Organizational culture and structure should be developed keeping in mind the goals and purpose of the organisation (Kitchin, 2010). An organisation that aims at longevity will always adopt a tall organisational structure with role culture where people are expected to follow directions and show no creativity. However an organisation that is concerned about innovation will always adapt a flat structure with entrepreneurial culture which strives for creativity and innovation. Virgin Atlantic Airways has a functional organisational structure which is easy to manage and control. It is dynamic in nature thus can adapt to changing business needs. Its organisational culture is a mix of people and entrepreneurial culture thus making innovation and customer-orientation a key to its remarkable success. Its structure and culture encourage its employees to attain their full potential and delivery high level performance. There is natural warmth and friendliness that people experience within their work environment which they deliver to their customers(Virgin Atlantic, 2012). Thus, the perfect choice of organisational structure and culture at Virgin Atlantic Airways helps them in enhancing their overall performance effectiveness. 1.3 Internal and external factors that affect individual behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways working life Individual behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways working life is affected by both internal and external factors. Internal factors are also referred to as individual factors, some common internal factors include demographic factors, personality, traits, attitude, perception and skills and abilities of individuals working within the organisation (Fox, 2007). Some of the internal factors at Virgin Atlantic Airways are; diversified workforce, positive attitude of leaders and employees, openness that encourage employee to openly share their views, positive perception towards each other and the organisation, ample opportunities provided to employee who can realise their full potential and flexibility to attain a healthy work-life balance. External factors are also referred to as organisational factors and include factors like leadership, culture, job requirements, values and norms etc (Ranganayakulu, 2005). Richard Branson is known for his high positive energy that he transfers to his employees, Virgin Atlantic Airways has a culture that motivates people to deliver high results. The company is recognised for its core values and high customer-orientation. All these factors make Virgin Atlantic Airways as one of the best airlines to work with (2) LO 2 Management and Leadership approaches 2.1 Comparison of effectiveness of various leadership theories at Virgin Atlantic Airways and British Airways Leadership is defined as the process in which leaders create a vision and live by values that are in support of their vision, they possess the inherit charisma to inspire others and encourage them to live by value, they possess the ability to make tough decisions as and when demanded by the situation (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Leadership and management are two sides of the same coin and a balance between both is essential for the smooth functioning of the organisation. Leadership is about being people-oriented where employees are considered as an asset. Management on the other hand is task-oriented where employees are considered as mere machines. There are four main leadership theories namely; trait theory which states leaders are born not created (Bass Bass, 2009). Behavioural theory which focuses on leaders behaviour, based on which three types of leaders have been identified, autocratic leaders, democratic leaders and Laissez-faire leaders (Bass Bass, 2009). Contingency theory which suggests that leaders choice of leadership theory or style depends on situation and Power and influence theory which is concerned with how leaders use their powers and influence to get things done their way. Initially British Airways witnessed use of autocratic leadership style where complete decisions were made by top management and employees were expected to follow them. Contingency and power and influence leadership theory was also practiced in order to make employee more task oriented. This helped British Airways in surviving through though times. Leadership at British Airways has changed to more democratic and Laissez-faire where people are encouraged to provide input and participate in decision making. Virgin Atlantic Airways has witnessed use of democratic and transformational leadership style where people are expected to actively participate in decision making and realise their full potential. People are considered as primary asset of the company and deliver high quality performance. 2.2 How practice of management in the Virgin Atlantic Airways is underpinned by organisational theory Study of organisational theory is concerned with the study of structure of organisations (Ghemawat, 2008). There are four main types of organisational theories namely; Classical theory which is a mix of scientific management, administrative theory and bureaucratic theory; Human relations theory, Contingency theory and Modern system theory. A number of organisational theories underpin management practices in Virgin Atlantic Airways; however administrative theory and contingency theory are the two theories that govern their management practices. According to administrative theory management include planning, training, organising, coordination and commanding activities (Baligh, 2006). Contingency theory states that organisational relationships must change with change in external business environment in order to deliver high performance. Based on this Virgin Atlantic Airways has adopted a flexible and dynamic structure that can be changed with changing business needs. 2.3 Management approaches at Virgin Atlantic Airways Management approaches helps determining the overall performance of an organisation. There are four main types of management approaches namely; Classical which is goal oriented, human relations which is people oriented, system which is a mix of classical and human relations and contingency which is adapting to different approaches based on situation (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Virgin Atlantic Airways displays a human relations management approaches where it values its people above all rules and has a informal structure which provide enough flexibility to its employee who tend to deliver high quality performance. (3) LO 3 Using Motivational theories in organisations 3.1 Impact of leadership style on motivation of employees of Virgin Atlantic Airways in periods of change Effective leadership style is the key to effective change management and handling resistance to change (Holloway, 2014). Autocratic, democratic, bureaucratic, affiliative, transactional and transformational leadership style are the six most prominent leadership styles (Daft, 2014). Virgin Atlantic Airways owes its remarkable success to its leader Richard Branson who displays the use of democratic and transformational leadership style. Democratic leaders are also called as people-oriented leaders and are greatly concerned about their followers (Adair, 2009). Democratic leadership style encourages its followers to actively participate in decision making and choose their own ways of doing things. It is highly effective in motivating employees as they feel valuable and are engaged (Fairholm, 2009). Transformational leadership style encourages its followers to realise their full potential and display creativity at its best (Jr, 2005). It leads to high employee motivation as they are provi ded with ample opportunities and be a part of innovation. Thus, the application of effective leadership styles greatly enhances employee motivation at Virgin Atlantic Airways. 3.2 Different motivational theories applied within other airlines Motivated employees then to perform better which in turn result in increased organisational profitability (Herzberg, et al., 2011). Some of the most effective motivational theories applied by companies operating in airlines industry are; Frederick Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene Model: According to this theory job satisfaction or dissatisfaction is affected by two factors called motivators and hygiene (Miner, 2005). Motivators comprises of factors like work itself, promotions, advancement, recognition, feedback, roles and responsibilities etc (Luis, 2010). Hygiene include factors like companies rules and regulations, employee relationship, salary and incentives, work culture, job security etc. It is important to ensure that these factors are in place and work effectively in order to increase employee motivation. Fig.1.Source: Adair (2009) David McClelland's Three Social Motives: According to this theory need for affiliation, need for achievement and need for power are three main motivators within each individual which are greatly influence by work culture and life experiences (Odumeru Ogbonna, 2013). David McClellands Three Social Motives Fig.2.Source: Adair (2009) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: According to this theory every individual has a complex set of needs that can be arranged in a hierarchical pattern (Herzberg, et al., 2011). These needs when meet lead to high motivation. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Fig.3.Source: Adair (2009) 3.3 Usefulness of motivational theory for manager of Virgin Atlantic Airways Application of various motivational theories by managers of Virgin Atlantic Airways help them in developing a motivated work force who are ready to take the ownership of tasks assigned to them and work in coordination with each other to achieve desired organisational goals. Application of Frederick Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene theory helps ensuring that all hygiene factors are in place and work effectively (Graetz, et al., 2012). Virgin Atlantic Airways is not a pay master still employee love to be a part of it as it empowers its employee to use their creativity and openly share their views. They provide high job satisfaction which lead to high employee motivation. Application of David McClelland's Three Social Motives theory helps identifying the three motivators within individual employee and based on that they are allocated tasks and targets(Mukherjee, 2005). The company provide rewards and recognition to its employees and believing in promoting internal employees to leadership posi tions. Application of Needs hierarch theory helps in understanding the needs and future expectations of their employees better and providing them with roles that can help them achieve their goals(Mullins, 2011). All these theories help managers in keeping their employees motivated who deliver high quality performance. (4) LO 4 Developing effective teamwork in organisations 4.1 Structure of team and group behaviour at Virgin Atlantic Airways 4.2 Factors affecting development of effective teamwork in Virgin Atlantic Airways 4.3 Affect of technology on effective team work within Virgin Atlantic Airways Conclusion Organisational structure and culture of Virgin Atlantic Airways has enabled them in achieving their desired organisational goals and performance objectives. They have culture that leads to high employee motivation who in turn working in coordination with each other to deliver high customer satisfaction. Effective leadership style and management theories have helped them in achieving remarkable success in a very short span of time. Thus, the study of organisational behaviour is essential for smooth functioning of an organisation and its overall development. References Adair, J., (2009) Leadership and Motivation: The Fifty-Fifty Rule and the Eight Key Principles of Motivating Others. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M. Stephens, T., (2005) A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Baligh, H. H., (2006) Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Bass, B. M. Bass, R., (2009) The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. New York: Simon and Schuster. Blundel, R. Ippolito, K., (2008) Effective Organisational Communication: Perspectives, Principles and Practices. London: FT Prentice Hall. Chambley, J., (2013) Organisational Structures. [Online] Available at: https://businessstudiesjesschambley.blogspot.in/2013/06/organisational-structures.html[Accessed 2014]. Daft, R., (2014) The Leadership Experience. New York: Cengage Learning. Fairholm, M. R., (2009) Leadership and Organizational Strategy. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 14(1), pp. 1-16. Fox, W., (2007) Managing Organisational Behaviour. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Ghemawat, P., (2008) Reconceptualizing international startegy and organistaion. Strategic Organisation, 6(2), pp. 195-206. Graetz, F., Rimmer, M., Smith, A. Lawrence, A., (2012) Managing Organisational Change. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Hellriegel, D. John W. Slocum, J., (2011) Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B. B., (2011) The Motivation to Work. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Holloway, G., (2014) Change Management: New Words for Old Ideas. London: Xlibris Corporation. Jr, J. E. B., (2005) Motivation and Transactional, Charismatic, and Transformational Leadership: A Test of Antecedents. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(4), pp. 25-39. Kitchin, D., (2010) An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers. New Jersey: Routledge. Kortmann, S., (2012) The Relationship between Organizational Structure and Organizational Ambidexterity: A Comparison between Manufacturing and Service Firms. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Luis, R. V., (2010) Management skills and leadership techniques. London: Ideaspropias Editorial S.L.. Miner, J. B., (2005) Organizational Behavior: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Mukherjee, S., (2005) Organisation Management And Business Communication. New Delhi: New Age International. Mullins, L. J., (2011) Essentials of Organisational Behaviour. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Murray, P., Poole, D. Jones, G., (2006) Contemporary Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Odumeru, J. A. Ogbonna, I. G., (2013) Transformational vs. Transactional Leadership Theories: Evidence in Literature. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), pp. 355-361. Pfister, J. A., (2009) Managing Organizational Culture for Effective Internal Control: From Practice to Theory. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Ranganayakulu, K., (2005) Organisational Behaviour. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers Dist. Schein, E. H., (2010) Organizational Culture and Leadership. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Topham, G., (2014) Richard Bransons domestic airline dream dies, but BA rivalry lives on. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/12/richard-branson-rivalry-british-airways-virgin-atlantic[Accessed 2015]. Virgin Atlantic, (2012) Culture. [Online] Available at: https://careersusa.virgin-atlantic.com/life-at-virgin-in-north-america/culture/[Accessed 2015]. Virgin Atlantic, (2015) About Us. [Online] Available at: https://www.virgin-atlantic.com/us/en/footer/about-us.html[Accessed 2015].

The Insider Secrets for Personal Essay Life Changing Event Samples Revealed

The Insider Secrets for Personal Essay Life Changing Event Samples Revealed Finding Personal Essay Life Changing Event Samples on the Web Form SSA-44 mailing address can be located on the SSA site. The New Determination Results field will supply the determination based on the info entered. To see the total description it's possible to visit the application page here. On the Select Type field select the right tax source depending on the info given by the beneficiary. Top Personal Essay Life Changing Event Samples Choices I had a fairly prosperous radio career at once. It's advisable that you just pick the topic that you are able to deal with, for instance, if you're not t sketching the personality characteristics then you need to better not elect for it. A player has to be able to observe the breakdown of the field to reach the best at being a defender. Shyu says this model has allowed AdmitSee to collect a great deal of information very rapidly. 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Essay Topics To Do Essay On Mexican American History

Essay Topics To Do Essay On Mexican American HistoryEssay topics are very important for any essay. When selecting topics, you will want to consider your personal interests and the topic that would be best suited for your class or the type of student you are. When looking for essay topics, you will also want to consider the type of people you are writing about as well.Some students would find Mexican American history to be quite a bit more interesting than, say, a historical account of Marie Antoinette's trial. However, you could find plenty of interesting topics with the latter, so if you like the former, you could still use her trial as a way to illustrate a theme or perhaps a method of argument that relates to the topics you are looking for.Some topics to do an essay on Mexican American history include how history was made in Mexico, the origins of the Mexican American War, early colonizers, the First American Revolution, and the state of the Mexican economy. In addition, you could also consider the stories of families and communities and find interesting topics to do an essay on Mexican American history. You can choose to focus on people such as Huey P. Newton, Martin Luther King, Jr., Carl Sandburg, or even popular Mexican pop icons like Griselda Guillermo. A lot of people would relate to some of these figures and find that they have a special connection to the country.Once you find a topic that interests you, you should then read through the topics to do an essay on Mexican American history books and make sure that you really understand the subject before going off to write the essay. Of course, you might find that you don't need to worry about this because you know exactly what you need to write about. However, it is always better to be safe than sorry.As previously mentioned, you can choose to look at some topics to do an essay on Mexican American history to see if it would be a good idea for you to focus on that subject. One of the best ways to do this is to look at the research that the famous authors did in order to get their own point across. If you don't feel that you are up to that task, then you can always take the time to read one of the other essays that are included in the book.Another thing to keep in mind is that when you are starting out as a college student, you may not know what exactly to focus on when you are writing. In order to avoid a huge mistake, you should always start off by picking a topic that you think you will be comfortable with and one that you know a little bit about. This way, you can be sure that the topic you choose will be useful to you.In fact, even if you don't know anything about Mexican American history, you can still pick a topic that is related to Mexico and Mexican Americans. It is quite possible that you will find a topic that you love and that you can write about without having to worry about any specific topics to do an essay on Mexican American history. If this is the case, you will the n need to ensure that you have read the entire book before beginning.If you find yourself having problems with any of the topics, you should try to write the entire essay without looking at the book as a whole. It is always possible that you will come across an idea that you absolutely love and find the book to be the perfect place to begin. Just remember to look at the entire book at least once and do a little research on the topic before deciding on which one you should write about.

To Define A Parallel In Writing An Essay

To Define A Parallel In Writing An EssayIn order to define a parallel in writing an essay, you first have to understand the main elements of your essay. As a writer, you know that in order to define a parallel, you need to make it clear what is different about the two elements. To properly define a parallel, then, you need to consider all of the elements and their similarities.Writing and reading are similar. They both require some sort of information. In the first paragraph of the essay, you will find some basic information. These things are called foundation, meaning that they determine the layout of the essay and the structure of the essay.The basis could be called an 'understanding' of your topic. You can go into more detail if you wish. If you decide to write about an experiment conducted in the laboratory or if you want to write about how a speech was delivered at a political rally, you can include this 'basis' as a part of your essay. The foundation can contain a lot of inform ation about the topic of your essay.Writing. Writing an essay can be a difficult task. For starters, you have to have a clear idea about what your topic is. Once you have these clear ideas, you can start to write. You need to decide on a topic, you will write your introduction and will then start your main body.Know your own subject and write about it well. Use your writing style in order to bring out the right message and quality of your article. Avoid using too many exclamation marks, use your own voice.Read. Read as much as you can about your topic. Read about your topic, not about what others may think about it. This way, you get to know the fundamental points of your topic.Other elements of writing an essay are analyzing, putting words to your ideas and analyzing. Analyzing a subject will help you write an essay that fits your topic. Analyzing a topic is a process of combining the information you get from different sources into a well-formed article. Analyzing a topic allows yo u to use all the knowledge that you have and to understand why the subject is important to you.