Showing cardiovascular and ventilatory responses at rest and during exercise Essay Example for Free

Showing cardiovascular and ventilatory responses at rest and during doing EssayAbstract Objective The objective of this experiment is to crush how the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters are alter by steady solid ground turn. Method The experiment was split into two stages, rest and apply. A spirometer, an electrocardiogram, a Douglas bag and a filiation tweet monitor were used at rest on the composition. In the set phase a Douglas bag and the seam impel monitor were used to saloon the field of forces volume of air and slant impel respectively.Results A positive correlation was figure for the message rate, total volume, atomic number 8 aspi balancen, carbonic acid gas business, p carbon dioxide, and % of CO2, present moment volume, ventilation rate, think arterial pressure and the number of breaths when the radical was exercising. The pO2, the %O2 and the respiratory quotient showed a negative correlation in the exercise phase. There was no signi fi basist salmagundi in the diastolic pressure in the exercise phase. The change in tidal volume, the systolic pressure and the pulse pressure during the exercise phase showed to vary over against theoretical cling tos and would require further studies to apologise these readings.Conclusion In conclusion m all of the parameters that were calculated supported previous experiments however the tidal volume, the systolic, diastolic and the pulse pressure were not conclusive enough to observe any signifi cannistert trend. Introduction The gay luggage compartment is a labyrinthian machine with many mysteries yet to discover. When the human genome project finished we had learnt much(prenominal)(prenominal) more or less our DNA and how complex the structure is. We had just scratched the service of our true potential. Our DNA plays a study(ip) role in whether we mother a good or poor cardiovascular system. This is in any case the selfsame(prenominal) for our respiratory system. Environmental divisors also contri unlesse to how effective our cardiovascular and respiratory system can be. each so often people from contrastive ethnic minimises complete against each other in events such as the Olympics and World athletic championship. Studies have shown that when exercise begins there is a rise in the cardiac output that is a consequence of an increase in the stroke volume and content rate ascrib able-bodied to the increase in rake circulation, there is a redistri barelyion of the blood to the workings muscle by vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles (coote, 1995).With this the body adapts to changes during steady domain exercise to optimise the performance and to prevent any injuries than can occur. Steady state exercise is when the body is performing at a moderate train of exercise producing a equilibrate between take of lactic acid and the removal of lactic acid through oxidation (Thompson, 2008) utilisation on a daily basis results in an soulfulness maintaining a healthy and balance lifestyle. A study in North America showed a group of elderly idiosyncratics between the ages of 55 to 70 performed aerophilous exercises for four months.The results showed that the experimental group improved their maximal oxygen role by 27% (Steinhaus, 1983). This study shows that even at senior age, exercises improves the resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure at rest, rest period habits, well being, hemodynamic and overall lifestyle changes. This study also included anaerobic exercises which too showed an improvement of the individuals health. On some occasions the production of lactic acid exceeds the removal of lactic acid.This ordinarily occurs when the VO2max is between 55% and 65% in healthy and un adroit athlete, however in highly trained endurance athletes this value can reach at 80% (McArdle, Katch Katch, 2006). This is known as the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), which refers to the aim of lac tate in the blood reaching around 4mM. L-1. performance physiologist traditionally used VO2max as the main benchmark to measure endurance exercise. This however does not fully develop all aspect of the athletes ability to do well in a race. An see long distance athlete commonly trains slightly above the point of OBLA (McArdle et al., 2006). Currently measuring exercise force by the OBLA has been a more effective and accurate way in indicating the individuals take aim of fitness (McArdle et al. , 2006) The causes for OBLA have not been conclusively proven as many believe it illustrate the point of muscle hypoxia which is when there is an inadequate supply of oxygen that is being sent to the muscles (McArdle et al. , 2006, p 320). withal the muscle lactate accumulation does not necessarily coincides with hypoxia, because the lactate in the blood can be formed even when there is a sufficient supply of oxygen.Nevertheless the imbalance between the production and elimination of l actate in the blood can cause OBLA (McArdle et al. , 2006). In this experiment the aims were to use assorted equipment to measure a range of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and to investigate the ways in how the body of a healthy young individual responds to the changes when undertaking aerobic exercise at a stead state level at different intensities. The cardiovascular parameters were the heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and the egress cardiac rhythm using an electrocardiogram.The respiratory parameters were the tidal volume, decisive capacity, oxygen and CO2 percentage, the number of breath in each minute, ventilation rate, oxygen consumption, CO2 production, the respiratory quotient and to analyse how the aerobic response changes at different intensities. Material and method This experiment was performed by using the guidepost set in the University of Hertfordshire Level 1 Human Physiology Practical Booklet cod e number 1LFS003. The side by side(p) changes were made and these amendments were about the level of resistance.At level two the exercise force was changed from 80W to 75W and the same went for level tether from 110W to 100W. And instead of using only two levels that were indicated in the practical booklet at rascal 20, a third level was initiated which had a workload of 75W. When using the spirometry, instead of using a counter-balance ball up holder with a writing pen attached to the counterweight, all spirometry parameters were recorded using the computer and the capable just has to inspire and expire through a tube that is connected to the computer.Results The landing fields BMI was calculated using his height and weight mensural before the start of the experiment. The total practical time was common chord hours in which the first hour was used to measure the control variables and cardiogram. The remaining two hours were used to runnel the different physical levels and write down the data. The %O2 was measured in the Douglas bag decreased as the intensity of the exercise increased composition the %CO2 was increasing resulting in the pCO2 and the pO2 to increase and decrease respectively.Both the O2 consumption and the CO2 production increased with each level however the rate of CO2 production was greater than the rate of O2 consumption causing the respiratory quotient to be higher than unrivalled. The number of breaths where increasing as the intensity of the exercise increased, precisely the value for the control was higher than each level. This caused the total volume of air in the Douglas bag to increase but the total volume of the control was higher than level unity but not for level two or threesome. As the volume of air increased so did the ventilation rate and the minute volume. nonetheless the tidal volume did not have a linear pattern. among the control and level one there was a sharp increase in the tidal volume, but during level two and three the tidal volume started to decrease. Figure 1 shows the CO2 production and the O2 consumption at the different exercise intensity. There was a large increase in the subjects heart rate from the control to level one and from level one to level two, but from level two to level three the heart rate started the plateau. Figure 2 show how each exercise power touch on the heart rate of the subject. The systolic pressure increased dramatically from the control to level one.But there was a decrease in the systolic blood pressure from level one to level two and eventually a rise in the systolic blood pressure from level two to level three. The diastolic pressure decreased from the control to level one and from level one to level two the diastolic blood pressure increased. At level two to level three the diastolic pressure decreased. Both the diastolic blood pressure at level one and three was scurvyer than the control value, which caused the pulse pressure to be confusable during level one and three but the pulse pressure during level two was very different.With the changes of the blood pressure that occurred during each level the mean arterial pressure increased gradually from the control to level three. Figure 3 shows how the blood pressures were affected by the change in the exercise intensity Before the exercise we tested the subjects lung function by using a spirometer. Figure 4 shows the respiratory parameters of the spirograph. The ratio of the force vital capacity (FVC) and the force vital capacity expired in one second (FEV1. 0) was above the regular value of 85% (McArdle et al. , 2006, p 298).An electrocardiogram was also carried out to determine the subjects heart rate and to analyse each wave of a single cardiac cycle. Figure 5 shows the ECG of the subject showing the different waves in a single cardiac cycle. The T wave represents the repolarisation of the ventricles, the P wave represents the depolarisation of the atria, the QRS complex is the depolarisation of both ventricles, as the ventricles is larger in size than the atria the QRS complex has a larger teetotum and trough. The RR interval is the time taken for the R wave to appear again on the ECG (Fox, 2011).The ECG shows that the subject has a normal heart rate subjected to his age. Discussion Our major findings is that there is a decreasing trend in pO2, %O2, the respiratory quotient, and the diastolic blood pressure while there is an increasing trend in pCO2, %CO2, heart rate, systolic and mean arterial pressure, all respiratory parameters except for the O2 levels. As the exercise power increased the %O2 and the pO2 decreased which causes the working muscles to require more oxygen to keep up with the necessarys of the aerobic intensity. However the level of expired CO2 that is collected in the Douglas bag increased as the intensity increased.This is due to the increase production of CO2 in the working muscles during respiration. In all, the level of oxyg en consumed and CO2 produced caused the respiratory quotient to be slightly above one. The respiratory quotient is the ratio between the total amounts of CO2 that is being produced to the amount of oxygen needed (McArdle et al. , 2006, p 240). During the exercise phase, the subject was catabolising the carbohydrates that he consumed prior to the experiment. As the values are very close to one, all the calories were derived from the carbohydrates that the subject consumed (McArdle et al., 2006) The subjects tidal volume increased from the control to level 1 where there was a peak at level one. The increase in the tidal volume from the control to level one was when the demand for energy increases, the tidal volume increases by expanding into both the inspiratory reserve and the expiratory reserve (Smith Plowman, 2008). However during level two and three the tidal volume started to decrease. This cannot be explained as sources say that exercising really increases the tidal volume (Ga rrett Kirkendall, 2000) and so further investigation is needed to be performed at different exercise power.The spirometer was used to measure the subjects lung function and this instrument would have indicated if there are any obstructions present in the airways. By using the ratio between the FVC and FEV1. 0, the subject can be place in having any lung obstruction or none at all (McArdle et al. , 2006). The spirometer produced an accurate value of the tidal volume at rest, while using the Douglas bag ventilating system forcefully can overinflate the bag which can produce an overestimation of the tidal volume. Also determining the number of breaths was difficult as the non returning breathing valve was moving very quickly to accurately count it.The parameters that were measured were the total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, functional residual capacity and tidal volume. The value of the subjects tidal volume u sing the spirometer was 1. 5L. This value exceeds the intermediate value of 500ml which has been given in many different studies of a young adult male (Normal breathing, 2010). This shows that the subject has a large lung capacity, indicating that the subject has maintained a good level of fitness.During exercise the heart rate increased due to the CO2 levels stimulating the chemoreceptors in the aortic arch which overall results in an individual inspiring more O2 and expiring CO2 quickly (McArdle et al. , 2006). With an increase in the heart rate the systolic pressure of the blood vessels also increased. systolic pressure is the pressure in the aorta when the ventricles are contracting (McArdle et al. , 2006, p334), and due to the heart rate increasing at each level the systolic pressure correlates to the change in the heart rate. The diastolic pressure is the modify of blood to the arteries when the muscles are contracting.The trend, with the value at level two ignored, see that as the exercise power increases the diastolic pressure decreases. This is because the blood vessels dilate which in turn reduced the diastolic pressure (R. Noah, ain communication, June 7, 2000). The mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure of an individual during a cardiac cycle. The value of the mean arterial pressure increased gradually when the exercise intensity increased because of the systolic pressure increasing at a greater rate than the diastolic pressure, which deceased relatively slow.The ECG and the blood pressure monitor were used to measure the subjects heart rate and blood pressure respectively. Both ECG and the blood pressure monitor measured the heart rate as similar values when the subject was not exercising. While the blood pressure monitor only measures the heart rate, the ECG is used to detect if the patients heart is beating normally. The results from the ECG indicate the subjects heart is beating at a normal rate and rhythm. However during the p ractical the value of the blood pressure during level 2 did not match with the other levels and the control.The systolic pressure was lower than the systolic pressure of the control. This is due to an error that was occurring with the machine when the subjects blood pressure was being measured and the fact that the subject was perspiring which caused the machine to slip, making it difficult to acquire an appropriate reading. With the error present at level two the value for the mean arterial pressure was also an anomaly. To make sure how results were true a second reading for each level was planned however, there was a time constraint which prevented the use of calculating an average.During the beginning of the practical, the subject found it difficult to maintain the speed of 50 revolutions per minute which was prescribed in the practical booklet, which could have made the value inaccurate. Some other areas where this experiment can go further is the oddment in the respiratory and cardiovascular parameters between different gender groups. They have been a few studies with regards to male and female such Leddy, Horvath, Rowland Pendergest (1997) which mentions the effects of a high or low fat diet on the cardiovascular factor between female and male runners.Another factor to consider is the use of age and how that affects the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. Introducing subjects who have illnesses such as asthma, chronic preventative pulmonary disease or other cardiovascular co-morbidities would show how the heart is working when it is damaged. The one job is that the subjects would need careful monitoring by healthcare professional. As this experiment was focussing on the aerobic exercise, an anaerobic experiment can be implemented with subjects that are trained athletes and untrained athletes to see the difference in their cardiovascular and respiratory parameters.You could also include male and female subjects with the similar athletic back ground to perform some anaerobic experiments to see if there are any significant differences between the two. You could also introduce different ethnic groups and see if there is any significant difference in the results. extension service Coote, J. H. (1995) Cardiovascular responses to exercise central and reflex contributions in JORDAN, D. , and MARSHALL, J. (Eds) Cardiovascular regulation (Portland, London, 1995), Garrett, W. E. , Kirkendall, D. T. (2000). Exercise and sport science. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams Wilkins Leddy, J Horvath, P., Rowland, J. Pendergast D. (1997) Effect of a high or a low fat diet on cardiovascular risk factors in male and female runners. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(1), 17-25 Normal breathing (2010) atrocious DIY breathing device. online Available at http//www. normalbreathing. com/nb-word/DIY-device-short-2010. pdf Accessed 5 Jan 2013. McArdle, W. D. , Katch, F. I. , Katch, V. L. (2006). Essential of Exercise Physiology . (3rd ed. ). Santa Barbara Fitness Technology, Inc. McArdle, W. D. , Katch, F. I. , Katch, V. L. (2001). Exercise physiology energy, nutrition, and human performance.Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Smith, D. L. Plowman, S. A. (2008) Exercise physiology for Health, Fitness and Performance. (2nd ed . ). Baltimore Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Steinhaus, L. A. (1983). Cardiovascular Response to Exercise Training in the Elderly. Unpublished thesis, University of Utah, Utah Thompson, G. , James, N. W. James, R. (2008). OCR PE for AS. Oxon Bookpoint Ltd. Raizwan. N. (June 7, 2000). inception pressure. Message posted on MadSci Network, archived at http//www. madsci. org/posts/archives/jun2000/960410763. Me. r. html. AppendixAll the results that were made were placed into a table with each level indicated and the control as well. The table below shows the respiratory and cardiovascular parameters of the subject during rest and exercise. Table shows the cardiovascular and re spiratory parameters of the subject at each level and the baseline of the O2 and the CO2 in the classroom. To calculate the mean arterial pressure you As the mean arterial pressure indicates the average blood pressure of a human, the diastolic phase is longer than the systolic phase, hence the reason to cipher the diastolic pressure by two.By using the values of the blood pressure the mean arterial pressure can be calculated The ventilation rate is the rate at which the air strike into the lungs and out of the lungs. This can easily be calculated by the following equivalence This is the value at the control level When calculated the ventialtion rate it is more effective to calculate the mintue ventilation instead as this corresponds to the amount of air that enters and leaves the lung in one minute.This is also a pretty sraight forwards equation The minute volmume is used to indicate a quantitive value to the minute ventilation as the minute volume is about the amount of air insp ired and expired in one minute. The minute volume is the product of the tidal volume and the minute ventilation as shown in this equation The partial pressure of the two gases, oxygen and CO2 are used to measuere the amount of oxygen and CO2 that are being expired by the body. The equations for the two gases are shown belowThe oxygen consumption is the amount of oxygen that the person inspires and transported to the cells by haemoglobin. This is to measure the efficiency of the subject how much oxygen is that person actually using? The equation is The CO2 production is the amount of CO2 that is expired from the lungs by the knead of gases exchange between oxygen and CO2. Through the process of respiration, the cells produce CO2 as a waste product, and with the help of diffusion, the pCO2 in the cells is higher than in the blood stream so diffusion takes place.The equation is The respiratory quotient is used to measure what type of fuel the individual is consuming (McArdle et al. , 2006) and the equation is shown below. The peak expiratory flow is used to determine how fast the person is able to expire and is used to test the function of the lungs and to see if there are any obstructions are present. The equation and example are The equation for the FEV1 FVC and example that was used during the experiment To calculate the BMI The value of the subjects BMI was